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1910s
- 1. K I R S T Y C L A R K E 20th Century Language 1910-1919
- 2. 2 8 J U L Y 1 9 1 4 M A R K E D T H E B E G I N N I N G O F W O R L D W A R I . T H I S L A S T E D U N T I L 1 1 N O V E M B E R 1 9 1 8 , W H E N T H E A R M I S T I C E W A S S I G N E D . A R M I S T I C E : ‘ A T E M P O R A R Y S U S P E N S I O N O F H O S T I L I T I E S B Y A G R E E M E N T O F T H E W A R R I N G P A R T I E S ; T R U C E . ’ A L L M A J O R E N G L I S H S P E A K I N G C O U N T R I E S H A D B E E N E M B R O I L E D I N T H E W A R ; O V E R 8 . 5 M I L L I O N L I V E S W E R E L O S T . T H E I M M E D I A T E O R I G I N S O F T H E W A R , L A Y I N T H E D E C I S I O N S T A K E N B Y S T A T E S M E N A N D G E N E R A L S D U R I N G T H E J U L Y C R I S I S O F 1 9 1 4 , I N W H I C H T H E A R C H D U K E F R A N Z F E R D I N A N D A N D H I S W I F E S O P H I E , W E R E A S S A S S I N A T E D B Y G A V R I L O P R I N C I P , A N E T H N I C S E R B A N D Y U G O S L A V N A T I O N A L I S T F R O M T H E G R O U P ‘ Y O U N G B O S N I A ’ , W H I C H W A S S U P P O R T E D B Y T H E ‘ B L A C K H A N D ’ , A N A T I O N A L I S T O R G A N I Z A T I O N I N S E R B I A . War
- 3. B E F O R E T H E O U T B R E A K O F W A R , P O L I T I C A L U N R E S T H A D C A M E T O A H E A D I N L O N D O N . T H E S U F F R A G E T T E S , T H E I R I S H ' H O M E R U L E ' M O V E M E N T A N D T R A D E U N I O N S A L L A G I T A T E D F O R C H A N G E , S O M E T I M E S W I T H V I O L E N C E . I N 1 9 1 8 S O M E P O L I T I C A L D E M A N D S W E R E M E T T H R O U G H T H E R E P R E S E N T A T I O N O F T H E P E O P L E A C T , W H I C H G A V E T H E V O T E T O W O R K I N G M E N A N D W O M E N O V E R 3 0 . 1 9 1 8 - W O M E N C O U L D N O W V O T E . M A U D A R N C L I F F E S E N N E T W A S A S I G N I F I C A N T F I G U R E I N T H E W O M E N ’ S S U F F R A G E M O V E M E N T A N D C O M P O S E D T H E L E T T E R ‘ W H Y I W A N T T H E V O T E . ’ T H E S O U R C E S H O W N I S T A K E N F R O M T H E V O T E , A J O U R N A L P U B L I S H E D B Y T H E W O M E N ' S F R E E D O M L E A G U E . I N I T , M A U D A R N C L I F F E S E N N E T T C L E A R L Y O U T L I N E S H E R M O T I V E S F O R C A M P A I G N I N G F O R T H E V O T E . Political Events
- 4. L O T S O F F O O D W A S S E N T A W A Y T O F E E D T H E S O L D I E R S F I G H T I N G I N T H E W A R . T H E R E W A S A L S O L E S S F O O D A R R I V I N G F R O M O T H E R C O U N T R I E S B E C A U S E S H I P S B R I N G I N G S U P P L I E S W E R E O F T E N A T T A C K E D B Y G E R M A N S U B M A R I N E S C A L L E D U - B O A T S . F O O D B E C A M E V E R Y E X P E N S I V E . P E O P L E P A N I C K E D A N D S O O N T H E R E W E R E V E R Y L O N G Q U E U E S O U T S I D E S H O P S . S C H O O L D I N N E R S W E R E I N T R O D U C E D B E C A U S E L O T S O F C H I L D R E N W E R E M I S S I N G S C H O O L T O Q U E U E F O R F O O D . M O T H E R S A L S O Q U E U I N G H A D N ' T T I M E T O C O O K D I N N E R A N D C H I L D R E N W E R E G O I N G H U N G R Y . G O V E R N M E N T P O S T E R S E N C O U R A G E D F A M I L I E S T O S A V E F O O D S O T H E R E W O U L D B E M O R E T O F E E D T H E S O L D I E R S F I G H T I N G . Economy
- 5. • 1 9 1 1 S I D N E Y S T R E E T S I E G E S E E S T H E D E A T H O F 3 ' A L I E N ' A N A R C H I S T S . T H E S I E G E O F S I D N E Y S T R E E T , P O P U L A R L Y K N O W N A S T H E " B A T T L E O F S T E P N E Y " , W A S A N O T O R I O U S G U N F I G H T I N L O N D O N ' S E A S T E N D O N 3 J A N U A R Y 1 9 1 1 . • P R E C E D E D B Y T H E H O U N D S D I T C H M U R D E R S , I T E N D E D W I T H T H E D E A T H S O F T W O M E M B E R S O F A P O L I T I C A L L Y M O T I V A T E D G A N G O F B U R G L A R S A N D I N T E R N A T I O N A L A N A R C H I S T S S U P P O S E D L Y L E D B Y P E T E R P I A T K O W , A . K . A . " P E T E R T H E P A I N T E R " , A N D S P A R K E D A M A J O R P O L I T I C A L R O W O V E R T H E I N V O L V E M E N T O F T H E T H E N H O M E S E C R E T A R Y , W I N S T O N C H U R C H I L L . • 1 9 1 8 F L U E P I D E M I C K I L L S O V E R 3 , 0 0 0 L O N D O N E R S A W E E K . T H E 1 9 1 8 F L U P A N D E M I C ( J A N U A R Y 1 9 1 8 – D E C E M B E R 1 9 2 0 ) W A S A N U N U S U A L L Y D E A D L Y I N F L U E N Z A P A N D E M I C , T H E F I R S T O F T H E T W O P A N D E M I C S I N V O L V I N G H 1 N 1 I N F L U E N Z A V I R U S . Society
- 6. D I S A S T E R S - S I N K I N G O F T H E T I T A N I C , T H E T I T A N I C S E T S S A I L O N H E R M A I D E N V O Y A G E F R O M S O U T H A M P T O N T O N E W Y O R K . T H E T I T A N I C H A D B E E N D E S C R I B E D A S T H E W O R L D S M O S T L U X U R I O U S F L O A T I N G H O T E L W H I C H I S U N S I N K A B L E , A N D W A S O N L Y 5 D A Y S O U T W H E N S H E H I T A N I C E B E R G A N D S A N K I N T H E A T L A N T I C W I T H T H E L O S S O F M A N Y L I V E S . T H E T I T A N I C W A S B U I L T I N B E L F A S T ( B E T W E E N 1 9 0 9 A N D 1 9 1 1 ) A N D R E G I S T E R E D I N L I V E R P O O L I N 1 9 1 2 . L I V E R P O O L W A S T H E H O M E P O R T , A L T H O U G H S H E N E V E R E N T E R E D I T . T H E W H I T E S T A R L I N E R L E F T B E L F A S T O N A P R I L 2 N D , 1 9 1 2 A N D A R R I V E D I N S O U T H A M P T O N O N A P R I L 4 T H . T H E C R E W H A D B O A R D E D B E F O R E D A W N O N A P R I L 1 0 T H , A N D T H E P A S S E N G E R S B E T W E E N 9 . 3 0 A N D 1 1 . 3 0 A . M . S H E L E F T P O R T A T A R O U N D 2 P . M . A N D A R R I V E D I N Q U E E N S T O W N , I R E L A N D B E F O R E C R O S S I N G T H E A T L A N T I C . S H E S T R U C K A N I C E B E R G O N S U N D A Y , A P R I L 1 4 T H , A N D T H E S H I P ' S D I S T R E S S S I G N A L G A V E H E R P O S I T I O N A S L A T I T U D E 4 1 º 4 6 ' N A N D L O N G I T U D E 5 0 º 1 4 W . 1 9 1 2 F I R S T N O N - S T O P A I R F L I G H T F R O M L O N D O N T O P A R I S . 7 / 3 / 1 9 1 2 . H E N R I S E M I E T M A D E T H E F I R S T N O N - S T O P F L I G H T F R O M L O N D O N T O P A R I S , T A K I N G T H R E E H O U R S . Technology
- 7. T H E M A S S - S L A U G H T E R , H O R R E N D O U S C O N D I T I O N S I N T H E T R E N C H E S , A N D D E T A I L E D C O V E R A G E F R O M T H E P R E S S C A U S E D A N E X P L O S I O N O F N E W V O C A B U L A R Y I N T O T H E E N G L I S H L A N G U A G E . T H E D E M A N D F O R N E O L O G I S M S W A S E X T R E M E ; W O R D S D E V E L O P E D F R O M M A N Y A R E A S O F T H E S P E C T R U M O F W A R F A R E . N E W W E A P O N S , T R E N C H A I L M E N T S A N D M I L I T A R Y A I R C R A F T A L L I N F L U E N C E D N E W T E R M S . T H E U N P R E C E D E N T E D L E V E L S O F C I V I L I A N I N V O L V E M E N T A L S O P L A Y E D I T S P A R T I N E X P A N D I N G A N D D E V E L O P I N G T H E E N G L I S H L E X I C O N . How did these events influence our language
- 8. T R E N C H F O O T M U S T A R D G A S P I P S Q U E A K S W H I Z Z B A N G S S T R A F E D C R E E P I N G B A R R A G E S L E W I S G U N S H E L L H O L E S G A S G A N G R E N E B A S K E T - C A S E S A M P U T E E S A I R W A R F A R E D O G F I G H T S S P I K E - B O Z Z L E A E R I A L R E C O N A I S S A N C E A I R P O R T T A X I B U S A I R S T A T I O N C U T H B E R T & P E R C Y ( N I C K N A M E S F O R P E O P L E W H O C H O S E N O T T O F I G H T ) H O M E F R O N T W A R E F F O R T K L A X O N J A Y W A L K E R S T R A F F I C J A M C O N V E R T I B L E S C I E N T I F I C C O I N A G E S : I S O T O P O E , N U C L E U S , S P A C E - T I M E , R A D O N , S U P E R C O N D U C T O R S , C H R O M O S O M E , G E N E S A N D V I T A M I N S . New words which entered our vocabulary
- 9. F R O M T H I S V A R I E D V O C A B U L A R Y , W H I C H I N C O R P O R A T E S F I E L D - S P E C I F I C L E X I S O F A S C I E N T I F I C A N D W A R - L I K E N A T U R E , I C A N I N F E R T H A T T H E W A R H A D T H E B I G G E S T I M P A C T O N O U R L A N G U A G E . I T B R O U G H T W I T H I T , M A N Y N E W T E R M S W H I C H H A D N E V E R B E E N H E A R D O F . F U R T H E R M O R E , L O T S O F C O M P O U N D I N G O C C U R R E D , A S I D E N T I F I E D W I T H W R I T E - O F F A I R - P O S T B A S K E T - C A S E O N E - W A Y S T R E E T S H O W E V E R , O U R S C I E N T I F I C U N D E R S T A N D I N G W A S A L S O I M P R O V I N G A N D D E V E L O P I N G , C A U S I N G T H E L A N G U A G E T O A D O P T N E W T E R M S O F A B I O L O G I C A L O R I E N T A T I O N . What do these neologisms tell us about the times?
Hinweis der Redaktion
- This decade was dominated by the First World War. War broke out in 1914 and lasted for 4 years, much longer than anticipated. It brought Londoners their first ever experience of aerial bombing, identity cards and government regulations on food and drink. It halted new building projects but proved a catalyst of social change, particularly by bringing women more fully into the workforce. All major english speaking countries had been embroiled in the war; over 8.5 million lives were lost. The immediate origins of the war, lay in the decisions taken by statesmen and generals during the July crisis of 1914, in which the archduke franz ferdinand and his wife Sophie, were assassinated by gavrilo princip, an ethnic Serb and yugoslav nationalist from the group ‘young bosnia’, which was supported by the ‘black hand’, a nationalist organization in serbia. 1918- women could now vote. Maud arncliffe sennet was a significant figure in the women’s suffrage movement and composed the letter ‘why I want the vote.’ This source is taken from The Vote, a journal published by the Women's Freedom League. In it, Maud Arncliffe Sennett clearly outlines her motives for campaigning for the vote. 1919 the Cenotaph- The Cenotaph is the site of the annual National Service of Remembrance held at 11:00 am on Remembrance Sunday, the closest Sunday to 11 November (Armistice Day). From 1919 until 1945, the remembrance service was held on Armistice Day, but since 1945 it has been held on Remembrance Sunday.
- Lots of food was sent away to feed the soldiers fighting in the war. There was also less food arriving from other countries because ships bringing supplies were often attacked by German submarines called U-boats. Food became very expensive. People panicked and soon there were very long queues outside shops. School dinners were introduced because lots of children were missing school to queue for food. Mothers also queuing hadn't time to cook dinner and children were going hungry. Government posters encouraged families to save food so there would be more to feed the soldiers fighting. In the countryside, many men and farm horses had been sent off to war. They were replaced by women who worked hard to grow the much-needed food. They called themselves 'The Women's Land Army'. Conscientious objectors (men who felt morally opposed to fighting) also worked the land. Many children helped too, but without horses to pull the heavy ploughs it was really tough work. 'Don't waste it' In 1918, new laws set by the government introduced rationing, a way of sharing food fairly. Sugar, meat, flour, butter, margarine and milk were all rationed so that everyone got what they needed. Each person had special ration cards, even King George and Queen Mary. The cards could only be used at certain shops. Families had to say which butcher, baker and grocer they would buy food from. The rules were very strict. Anyone found cheating could be fined or even sent to prison. Before rationing, the government used posters like this one to discourage people from wasting food. Start Quote Look well at the loaf on your breakfast table and treat it as if it were real gold because the British loaf is going to beat the German” End Quote A wartime leaflet Grow your own People grew fruit and vegetables in their own gardens too. Surplus produce was preserved as jam, pickles or chutney so there would be more to eat in the winter. People were often hungry, but nobody starved. What foods were rationed during the war? Rationing was an idea which was not a popular with the British public. But as the war went on, food became scarcer and scarcer, and in 1918 the Government finally introduced rationing (2lb of meat, ½ lb sugar and ½ lb total fats each a week). War boosted employment in London's already large armaments factories. Woolwich Arsenal's workforce rose to 75,000, of whom 28,000 were women, brought in to the factory to replace men on military service. War also boosted London's new engineering firms making cars and aeroplanes. Handley Page's aeroplane factory at Barking had opened in 1909 as Britain's first such factory. The economy (in terms of GDP) grew about 7% from 1914 to 1918 despite the absence of so many men in the services; by contrast the German economy shrank 27%. The War saw a decline of civilian consumption, with a major reallocation to munitions. The government share of GDP soared from 8% in 1913 to 38% in 1918 (compared to 50% in 1943).[6] Despite fears in 1916 that munitions production was lagging, the output was more than adequate. The annual output of artillery grew from 91 guns in 1914 to 8039 in 1918. Warplanes soared from 200 in 1914 to 32,000 in 1918, while the production of machine guns went from 300 to 121,000.[7] By 1916, Britain was funding most of the Empire's war expenditures, all of Italy's and two thirds of the war costs of France and Russia, plus smaller nations as well. The gold reserves, overseas investments and private credit then ran out forcing Britain to borrow $4 billion from the U.S. Treasury in 1917–18.[8] Shipments of American raw materials and food allowed Britain to feed itself and its army while maintaining her productivity. The financing was generally successful,[9] as the City's strong financial position minimized the damaging effects of inflation, as opposed to much worse conditions in Germany.[10] Overall consumer consumption declined 18% from 1914 to 1919.[11] Trade unions were encouraged as membership grew from 4.1 million in 1914 to 6.5 million in 1918, peaking at 8.3 million in 1920 before relapsing to 5.4 million in 1923.[12] Women were available and many entered munitions factories and took other home front jobs vacated by men.[13] Energy was a critical factor for the British war effort. Most of the energy supplies came from coal mines in Britain, where the issue was labour supply After the war, manufacturing industry experienced a slump but continued to account for over half of London's jobs overall. Firms began to 'decentralise', moving out of the old industrial centre to new sites on London's edges. Park Royal in West London began to develop as a site for factory building.