4. Inputs
Biotechnology
Equipment
Land
Water Weighting
Grading
Blending
Elevators
Feed Mills Livestock GVCs
Food service
Bakeries
Retailers
Production Processing Marketing
Commodity traders
Domestic
International
Mills
Milling
Packaging
Storage
Smallholders
Large Farms
Farms
Food
manufacturers
Enabling Environment
Public governance Infrastructure Financial networks
Private governance Logistics networks Consulting services
Labor
Trade
4
Constraints in MENA
Source: Ahmed et al , 2012
5. Shifts in the
Wheat GVC –
From an Old
Model to a New
Model GlobalizaSon – High dependence on TNC
Market Failure Risk
ConsolidaSons - Traders are an oligopoly
interac2ng with state monopolies
Market Failure Risk
DeregulaSon – State plays a key role
Government Failure Risk
Transforma2on in the VC
Poten2al Impacts on MENA’s Food Security
FinancializaSon – Increased food price
vola2lity
Market Failure Risk 5
strong weak
6. Key Risk Factors Affec2ng Food Security in MENA
• Land
• Water
• R & D
• Access to inputs
• Agricultural
Policies
• Standards &
cer2fica2ons
ProducSve
Capacity
• Transporta2on
• Storage
• Ports
• ICT
• Energy
• Government
Coops
Infrastructure &
Services
• Country &
regional stability
• Public
governance
• Grain tenders
• Access to
finance
Business
Environment
• Trade policies
• Foreign reserves
• Market access
• Export-import
procedures
• Industry policies
Trade &
Investment
Policy
• Public-private
coordina2on
• Subsidies & price
controls
• Monitoring &
accountability
• Marke2ng
InsStuSonal
Elements
Government Control
6