This document discusses basics of leadership including definitions, features, and styles of leadership. It provides definitions of leadership from several authors that describe leadership as an interpersonal influence process directed towards goals. Key features of leadership noted are that it is a continuous process, involves influencing group behavior to achieve common goals, and leaders motivate followers to willingly work towards goals. The document contrasts leadership with management and describes transformational leadership. It also outlines functions of leadership and discusses autocratic, participative, and free-rein leadership styles.

1. Basics of Leadership
Dr. Avinash Joshi.
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2. Definitions of Leadership
“Leadership is interpersonal influence exercised
in a situation and directed through
communication process, towards the attainment
of a specified goal or goals.”
- Robert Tannenbaum
“Leadership is essentially a continuous process of
influencing behaviour. A leader breathes life into
the group and motivates it towards goals. The
lukewarm desires for achievement are
transformed into a burning passion for
accomplishment.”
- George R. Terry 2

3. “Leadership is the process of influencing and
supporting others to work enthusiastically
toward achieving objectives.”
- Bamard Keys and Thomas Case
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4. Features of Leadership
• It is a continuous process of behaviour.
• To attain common goals, it is a relationship
between a leader and his followers.
• To achieve common goals, leader influences
the behaviour of the group.
• Leadership does not imbibe coercive force on
followers to work. They work willingly.
• Leadership recognizes the achievement by
followers.
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5. Management and Leadership
Factors Management Leadership
Source of power Authority delegated Personal abilities
Focus Operating results Vision and purpose
Approach Transactional Transformational
Process Control Inspiration
Emphasis Individualism Collectivity
Futurity Reactive Proactive
Type Formal Formal and Informal
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6. Transformational Leadership
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7. Functions of Leadership
1) Motivating employees
2) Creating confidence
3) Building morale of team-members
4) Creating brand in society
5) Welfare of society
6) Developing future leadership
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8. Leadership Styles (Tannenbaum and Schmidt)
1) Autocratic Leadership:
 A manager centralizes decision making power in
himself.
 Leader makes decisions without reference to anyone
else
 High degree of dependency on the leader
 Can create de-motivation and alienation
of staff
 May be valuable in some types of business where
decisions need to be made quickly and decisively
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9. Advantages of autocratic
leadership
Disadvantages of autocratic
leadership
Many subordinates get
satisfaction under such
leadership
People dislike when
leadership is very strict and
negative motivational
Provides strong motivation
and rewards to managers who
adopt this style.
Employees lack motivation.
low morale, frustration,
conflict, may develop
organizational inefficiency
Very fast decisions by one
person.
More dependence and less
individuality. Difficult to
develop future leadership.
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10. 2) Participative Leadership:
 A manager decentralizes his decision making
process.
 Leadership emphasizes on consultation and
participation of subordinates.
 The leader involves one or more employees in the
decision making process (to determine what to do
and how to do it).
 Leader maintains the final decision making authority
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11. 2) Participative Leadership:
 Allows everyone to be part of a team-everyone feels
that they have participated and contributed.
 Encourages participation, delegates wisely, values
group discussion.
 Motivates by empowering members to direct
themselves.
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12. Benefits of Participative
Leadership
Challenges of Participative
Leadership
Highly motivating for employees
Employees at lower level may not
understand the complex nature and
participation may not help much.
Employees productivity is high, they
implement decision with full
involvement
Shy people may not want to interact
much with superiors, they may not
like this leadership. Participation
could be discouraging for them.
Provides organizational stability, by
raising morale and attitudes of
employees . Helps to develop future
leadership.
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13. 3) Free-rein Leadership:
 Complete freedom is given to subordinates.
 Manager initially decides all policies, programmes,
and limitations and the entire process is left to
subordinates.
 Group members do all inside activities and manager
perform outside (like market research).
 Requires high level of understanding and knowledge
level from subordinates and leader
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14. Leadership Styles (Likert’s Classification)
• Authoritative: The leader does not trust on his
subordinate. The control is at top management. The
leader gives specific orders to his subordinates and
makes clear to them, what is expected by him.
• Benevolent Authoritative: The leader trust’s to some
extent, he delegates to some extent but he keeps the
total control.
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15. • Constructive: The leader shows trust on his team-members,
they are involved in decision making, yet
the final decision making is with the leader.
• Participative: The leader shows total trust in his
team-members, leadership does not exhibit strong
control, but leader will take the responsibility of
results.
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16. Thank You !!!
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