Ardunio

SWARNANDHRA INSTITUTE OF ENGG&TECHNOLOGY Page 1
ARDUINO
Arduino interface boards provide the engineers, artists, designers, hobbyists and anyone
who tinker with technology with a low-cost, easy-to-use technology to create their
creative,interactive objects,useful projects etc., A whole new breed of projects can now be built
that can be controlled from a computer.
WHAT IS ARDUINO?
Arduino is an open source electronics prototyping platform based on flexible, easy-to-use
hardware and software. It’s intended for artists, designers, hobbyists, and anyone interested in
creating interactive objects or environments. It’s an open-source physical computing platform
based on a microcontroller board, and a development environment for writing software for the
board.
In simple words, Arduino is a small microcontroller board with a USB plug to connect to
your computer and a number of connection sockets that can be wired up to external electronics,
such as motors ,relays, light sensors, laser diodes, loudspeakers, microphones ,etc. They can either
be powered through the USB connection from the computer or from a 9V battery. They can be
controlled from the computer or programmed by the computer and then disconnected and allowed
to work independently.

Anyone can buy this device through online auction site or search engine. Since the Arduino is
an open-source hardware designs and create their own clones of the Arduino and sell them, so the
market for the boards is competitive. An official Arduino costs about $30 and a clone often less
than $20.
The name “Arduino” is reserved by the original makers. However, clone Arduino designs often
Have the letters “dui no” on the end of their name, for example, Fredonia or DFRduino. The
software for programming your Arduino is easy to use and also freely available for Windows,
Mac, and LINUX computers at no cost.
HISTORY OF ARDUINO :
While teaching a physical computing class at the Interaction Design Institute Ivrea in 2005,
Massimo Banzi’s students were unwilling to spend the 76 euros for the BASIC Stamp
microcontrollers commonly used in such applications. Banzi and his colleagues looked for
alternatives, finally settling on the wiring platform developed by one of Banzi’s students. In his
own words:
“…we started to figure out how we could make the whole platform even simpler, even cheaper,
and even easier to
Use. And then we started to essentially implement the whole thing as an open source project.”
Once they had a prototype, a student wrote the software that would allow wiring programs to run
on the new platform. Upon seeing the project, visiting professor Casey Rees suggested that there
might be wider applications than just design schools for the new product. The prototype was
redesigned for mass production and a test run of 200 boards was made. Orders began coming in
from other design schools and the students looking for Arduinos, and the Arduino project was
born and Massimo Banzi and David Cuartielles became its founders.”ARDUINO” is an Italian
word, meaning “STRONG FRIEND”. The English version of the name is “Hardin”. As of May
2011, more than 300,000 Arduino units are “in the wild”

Arduino UNO
This is the latest revision of the basic Arduino USB board. It connects to the computer with a
standard USB cable and contains everything else you need to program and use the board. It can
be extended with a variety of shields: custom daughter-boards with specific features. It is similar
to the Duemilanove, but has a different USB-to-serial chip the ATMega8U2, and newly designed
labeling to make inputs and outputs easier to identify
The UNO is the best board to get started with electronics and coding. If this is your first
experience tinkering with the platform, the UNO is the most robust board you can start playing
with. The UNO is the most used and documented board of the whole Arduino & Genuino family.

Technical specs:
Microcontroller ATmega328P
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limit) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
PWM Digital I/O Pins 6
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 20 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory
32 KB (ATmega328P)
of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB (ATmega328P)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega328P)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.4 mm
Weight 25 g

Arduino Mega 2560
The MEGA 2560 is designed for more complex projects. With 54 digital I/O pins, 16 analog
inputs and a larger space for your sketch it is the recommended board for 3D printers and
robotics projects. This gives your projects plenty of room and opportunities
The Mega 2560 is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega2560. It has 54 digital
input/output pins (of which 15 can be used as PWM outputs), 16 analog inputs, 4 UARTs
(hardware serial ports), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get
started. The Mega 2560 board is compatible with most shields designed for the Uno and the
former boards Duemilanove or Diecimila.
.

Technical specs:
Microcontroller ATmega2560
Digital I/O Pins 54 (of which 15 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 16
Flash Memory 256 KB of which 8 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 8 KB
EEPROM 4 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 101.52 mm
Width 53.3 mm
Weight 37 g

Arduino Leonardo
The Arduino Leonardo is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32u4 (datasheet). It has
20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a
16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, a power jack, an ICSP header, and a reset
button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply connect it to a
computer with a USB cable or power it with a AC-to-DC adapter or battery to get started.
The Leonardo differs from all preceding boards in that the ATmega32u4 has built-in USB
communication, eliminating the need for a secondary processor. This allows the Leonardo to
appear to a connected computer as a mouse and keyboard, in addition to a virtual (CDC) serial /
COM port. It also has other implications for the behavior of the board; these are detailed on
the getting started page.

Technical specs:
Microcontroller ATmega32u4
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 20
PWM Channels 7
Analog Input Channels 12
Flash Memory 32 KB (ATmega32u4) of which 4 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2.5 KB (ATmega32u4)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega32u4)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 68.6 mm
Width 53.3 mm
Weight 20g

Arduino LilyPad
The LilyPad Arduino is designed for e-textiles and wearables projects. It can be sewn to fabric
and similarly mounted power supplies, sensors and actuators with conductive thread
The LilyPad Arduino Main Board is based on the ATmega168V (the low-power version of
theATmega168) or the ATmega328V. The LilyPad Arduino was designed and developed by
Leah Buechley and SparkFun Electronics.
The LilyPad Arduino can be powered via the USB connection or with an external power supply.
If an external power supply is used, it should provide between 2.7 and 5.5 volts. This can come
either from an AC-to-DC adapter (wall-wart) or battery. Again, don't power the LilyPad Arduino
with more than 5.5 volts, or plug the power in backwards: you'll kill it.

Technical Specs:
Microcontroller ATmega168 or ATmega328V
Operating Voltage 2.7-5.5 V
Input Voltage 2.7-5.5 V
Digital I/O Pins 14
PWM Channels 6
Flash Memory 16 KB (of which 2 KB used by bootloader)
SRAM 1 KB
EEPROM 512 bytes
Clock Speed 8 MHz

Arduino MICRO
The Micro is the smallest board of the family, easy to integrate it in everyday objects to make
them interactive. The Micro is based on the ATmega32U4 microcontroller featuring a built-in
USB which makes the Micro recognisable as a mouse or keyboard.
The Micro is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32U4 (datasheet), developed in
conjunction with Adafruit. It has 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM
outputs and 12 as analog inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, an ICSP
header, and a reset button. It contains everything needed to support the microcontroller; simply
connect it to a computer with a micro USB cable to get started. It has a form factor that enables it
to be easily placed on a breadboard.

Technical specs:
Microcontroller ATmega32U4
Digital I/O Pins 20
PWM Channels 7
Flash Memory
32 KB (ATmega32U4)
of which 4 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2.5 KB (ATmega32U4)
EEPROM 1 KB (ATmega32U4)
Clock Speed 16 MHz
Length 48 mm
Width 18 mm
Weight 13 g

Arduino Yún
Arduino YÚN is the perfect board to use when designing connected devices and, more in
general, Internet of Things projects. It combines the power of Linux with the ease of use of
Arduino
The Arduino Yún is a microcontroller board based on the ATmega32u4 and the Atheros
AR9331. The Atheros processor supports a Linux distribution based on OpenWrt named
OpenWrt-Yun. The board has built-in Ethernet and WiFi support, a USB-A port, micro-SD card
slot, 20 digital input/output pins (of which 7 can be used as PWM outputs and 12 as analog
inputs), a 16 MHz crystal oscillator, a micro USB connection, an ICSP header, and a 3 reset
buttons.

Technical specs:
Because the Yún has two processors, this section shows the characteristics of each one in two
separate tables.
AVR Arduino microcontroller
Microcontroller ATmega32U4
Input Voltage 5
Digital I/O Pins 20
PWM Channels 7
Analog Input Pins 12
DC Current for 3.3V
Pin
50 mA
Flash Memory
32 KB (of which 4 KB used by
bootloader)
SRAM 2.5 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz

Linux Microprocessor
Processor Atheros AR9331
Architecture MIPS @400MHz
Operating Voltage 3.3V
Ethernet IEEE 802.3 10/100Mbit/s
WiFi IEEE 802.11b/g/n
USB Type-A 2.0 Host
Card Reader Micro-SD only
RAM 64 MB DDR2
Flash Memory 16 MB
SRAM 2.5 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz
PoE compatible 802.3af card support See Power

Howdoesthearduinowork?
The smaller chip is an Atmega8U2 (or 16U2 on revision 3 of the board) that converts USB input
to serial; you don't program this chip (also known as a bootloader); you program the big one on
the DIL14 socket(28pins). And yes, it's removable; if you happen to toast the chip you can
replace it with a similar part.
The pins labelled ICSP (in circuit serial programming) should never be touched as a beginner
unless you have a dedicated chip programmer for the Atmel chips-- tbh, i recommend not
soldering them for absolute beginners...
one thing to note when doing electronics is that most things in a circuit are relatively
redundant: they improve the stability of the circuit, but they don't necessarily add functionality.
For instance, let's take the power section (upper right corner) of the diagram or lower left of the
board. Sure, you can power up the Arduino with 2 random batteries and forego all that circuitry.

But USB works with up to 5.5V and some parts require 3.3V... here is where IC1 (IC1 is the big
4pin chip right above the power jack) and IC2 come in, they are called "linear DC regulators"
and step down the voltage so that your Arduino never gets cooked by accident. Note: they can get
very hot (100C+), and that's perfectly normal.
See all those attached capacitors? PC1 PC2 and C2? --you can't miss them on the board - they're
the big solid electrolytic, rounded ones --well, the circuit works fine without them. They role is
for filtering, stability and 'AC decoupling'.
See that diode under the big capacitors (labelled M7 here or D1 on schematic) - this is called an
anti-moron device. It prevents you from injecting the wrong polarity into the Arduino board,
which would damage everything. If you put a plug and the board isn't powered up, reverse the
wires into the jack (or flick a polarity switch, if you have one on your wall cube).
See that big rounded metallic package?(XT1) - has a distinctive symbol that looks like a resistor
sandwiched between a capacitor-- That's a crystal oscillator. You inject a small AC wave and it
starts to resonate (the chip does that for you), and in this case at a peak frequency of 16MHz.
Won't be exactly 16Mhz, but typically within 30 parts per million of that. Normally not a
problem, but if you're trying to make a real time clock measuring seconds, you need to know how
accurate you're going to be. There is a much smaller crystal near the removable chip (XT2).
Because crystal oscillators are cheap and accurate enough, they are a very popular solution to
generating clocks in electronics. Most are a piece of lab grown silicon dioxide, cut at very precise
dimensions. In the distant past they used natural quartz (hence watches with a quartz crystal).
High frequency crystals like these require external capacitors to work. They are usually in the
low picofarad range. They remove some DC bias and also filter excessive noise from going into
the ground, but also help the crystal oscillate at the precise frequency quicker.
The rest are resistors that limit the current going into a certain part of the circuit. For instance
above the Tx/Rx LEDs there is a pack of 4 reistors (8 pins) labelled 102 = 10^2=100 Ohm (if the
notation follows standard labelling). The Tx/Rx stands for transmit/receive. if we didn't have
resistors before the LED, they would eventually burn up due to self-heating.
There are various switches, jumpers and contacts hidden on the board (don't worry about them
at first), of which the most obvious one is the reset push-button,

ATmega8(Microcontroller):
 16 MHz
 8 Kbyte Flash RAM(1K taken by the boot loader)
 1 Kbyte RAM(eg.for auto/local variables and
stack)
 14 digital Input/Output Ports
Pin description of ATMEGA328P
The Arduino UNO R3’s processing power is provided by the ATmega328. The pin out diagram
and block diagram for this processor are provided in Figures 1.4 and 1.5. In this section, we
provide additional detail on the systems aboard the processor.

ATmega328 block diagram:
Bulk programmable flash EEPROM is used to store programs. It can be erased and programmed
as a single unit. Also, should a program require a large table of constants, it may be included as a
global variable within a program and programmed into flash EEPROM with the rest of the
program. Flash EEPROM is nonvolatile meaning memory contents are retained when
microcontroller power is lost. The ATmega328 is equipped with 32K bytes of onboard
reprogrammable flash memory. This memory component is organized into 16K locations with 16
bits at each location.
:

Advantages of Ardunio:
1.Ready to Use: The biggest advantage of Arduino is its ready to use structure. As Arduino
comes in a complete package form which includes the 5V regulator, a burner, an oscillator, a
micro-controller, serial communication interface, LED and headers for the connections. You
don't have to think about programmer connections for programming or any other interface. Just
plug it into USB port of your computer and that's it. Your revolutionary idea is going to change
the world after just few words of coding.
2. Examples of codes: Another big advantage of Arduino is its library of examples present inside
the software of Arduino. I'll explain this advantage using an example of voltage measurement.
For example if you want to measure voltage using ATmega8 micro-controller and want to
display the output on computer screen then you have to go through the whole process. The
process will start from learning the ADC's of micro-controller for measurement, went through the
learning of serial communication for display and will end at USB – Serial converters.
3.Effortless functions: During coding of Arduino, you will notice some functions which make
the life so easy. Another advantage of Arduino is its automatic unit conversion capability. You
can say that during debugging you don't have to worry about the units conversions. Just use your
all force on the main parts of your projects. You don't have to worry about side problems
4. Large community: There are many forums present on the internet in which people are talking
about the Arduino. Engineers, hobbyists and professionals are making their projects through
Arduino. You can easily find help about everything.

Dis Advantages of Ardunio:
1. Structure: Yes, the structure of Arduino is its disadvantage as well. During building a project
you have to make its size as small as possible. But with the big structures of Arduino we have to
stick with big sized PCB’s. If you are working on a small micro-controller like ATmega8 you
can easily make your PCB as small as possible.
2.Cost: The most important factor which you cannot deny is cost. This is the problem which
every hobbyist, Engineer or Professional has to face. Now, we must consider that the Arduino is
cost effective or not.
Applications:
 Domestic appliances
 Industrial appliances
 Medical appliances
 Automation

Conclusion
Over the years, Arduino has went out to become a huge success and a common name among
students. With google deploying it, people’s imagination has went out to much higher level than
before. A developer in the annual GOOGLE IO conference said “when Arduino and Android
coming together, this really proves “INFINITY EXISTS” in the future”. I think a study on
Arduino and practical experiments on Arduino must be added for UG courses of engineering, to
help students to leverage their talents, and imagination.

REFERENCES
1. http://www.arduino.cc -Arduino Official webpage
2. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arduino -wikipedia
3. Jonathan Oxer,Hugh Blemings “Practical Arduino-cool projects for open source hardware”
4.Simon monk “30 ARDUINO PROJECTS for the EVIL GENIUS”.
5. http://www.arduino.cc/playground/Projects/ArduinoUsers
6.http://www.arduinothedocumentary.org
7.http://www.google.com
8.http://www.accessories.android.com

Ardunio

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Ähnlich wie Ardunio

Ähnlich wie Ardunio (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Ardunio