Strategies for Lowland Paddy Cultivation against Climate Change
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This document summarizes different water management practices for lowland rice cultivation including continuous flooding, saturated soil culture, alternate wetting and drying, and aerobic rice systems. It describes the basic principles of each system, when they should be implemented, and their advantages and disadvantages. The document also discusses the impacts of climate change and agricultural chemicals on food security and human health.
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Strategies for Lowland Paddy Cultivation against Climate Change
- 1. Strategic Agriculture against Climate Change and Natural Disasters Part 5 – Lowland paddy cultivation P.B. Dharmasena 0777 - 613234, 0717 - 613234 dharmasenapb@ymail.com , dharmasenapb@gmail.com https://independent.academia.edu/PunchiBandageDharmasena https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Punchi_Bandage_Dharmasena/contributio ns http://www.slideshare.net/DharmasenaPb Awareness lecture series conducted in Anuradhapura (31.01.2019) and Trincomalee (05.02.2019) organized by Climate Resilient Integrated Water Management Project
- 2. Climate Change and Food Security • Climate change will affect all four dimensions of food security: – food availability, – food accessibility – food utilization and – food systems stability • (FAO framework on CC and food security) • It further explains that the impact extended to • human health, • livelihood assets, • food production and • distribution channels, as well as changing purchasing power and market flows.
- 3. Lowland Rice • Low land rice is extremely sensitive to water shortage • Effects of drought are seen when soil water content drops below saturation. • Water stress at any growth stage may reduce yield. • The most common symptoms of water deficit are leaf rolling, leaf scorching, impaired tillering, stunting, delayed flowering, spikelet sterility and incomplete grain filling. • Water deficit during the vegetative stage may reduce plant height, tiller number and leaf area, but yield will not be affected by the retarded growth if water is supplied in sufficient time to permit the plant’s recovery before flowering. 3
- 4. 4 Continuous flooding Saturated soil culture Alternate wetting & dryingAerobic rice Water management practices in rice cultivation
- 5. Saturated Soil Culture (SSC) 5 In Saturated Soil Culture (SSC), the depth of flooded water is reduced to 0-1 cm. Around 1 week before and 1 week after the peak flowering, standing water should best be kept at 5 cm depth to avoid any possible water stress that could result in severe yield loss. SSC would require frequent (once in 2 days) application of small amount of irrigation water, and hence require a high level of control over irrigation water.
- 6. Alternate Wetting and Drying (AWD) • In this system field is allowed to dry for a certain number of days before applying irrigation water. • The number of days that the soil is left dry may vary from 1 day to more than 10 days. • After irrigation, the field water beneficial effects on soil pH, soil organic matter buildup, phosphorous, iron and zinc availability, and biological nitrogen fixation gradually decrease when the field is shortage of water. • Under alternate wetting and drying (AWD), negative effect on soil pH in some situations, decrease the availability of phosphorus, iron and zinc. 6
- 7. 7 When the water level is 15 cm below the surface of the soil, irrigate and flood the soil to a depth of around 5 cm in AWD technology. AWD may be begun from a few days after transplanting or 10 cm tall crop after direct seeding until first heading. Around 1 week before to 1 week after the peak flowering, flooded water should be kept at 5 cm depth to avoid any water stress which result in some yield loss. Subsequently during grain filling and ripening, apply AWD. Nitrogen fertilizer should be applied on dry soil just before irrigation preferably. If weeds are present in the early stages of crop growth, the implementation of AWD may be postponed for 2-3 weeks until weeds are suppressed by the flooded water.
- 8. Aerobic rice system • With increasing water scarcity, aerobic rice system becomes a viable alternative to AWD. • Aerobic rice is a production system in which specially developed varieties are grown in well-drained, non-puddled, and non-saturated soils. • With appropriate management, the system aims for yield of at least 4-6 t/ha. The usual establishment method is dry direct seeding. • Aerobic rice may be rainfed or irrigated. Irrigation can be applied through flash flooding, in furrows or by sprinklers. • Irrigation is not used to flood the field but to just bring the soil water content into the root zone up to field capacity. • How much less water is used under aerobic conditions than under flooded conditions depends mostly on the seepage and percolation losses under flooded conditions and on the deep percolation losses of irrigation water under aerobic conditions. 8
- 9. Aerobic rice system • The amount of deep percolation depends on the combination of soil water holding capacity and method of irrigation. • In aerobic rice system, conservation practices such as mulching and minimum tillage are encouraged. • This technology is suitable in favorable uplands (where the land is flat, rainfall with or without supplementary irrigation is sufficient to reach field capacity, and no serious fertility limitations occur), in rain-fed lowlands and in water scarce irrigated lowlands. • Under fully aerobic conditions, micro nutrient deficiencies and some soil borne pest and diseases such as nematodes, root aphids and fungi occur while soil organic carbon content decreases. • Rice cannot be grown continuously on the same place without a yield decline when practicing aerobic rice system. • Crop rotation is necessary under such conditions. Problems of more weed growth and many species of weeds occur in this system than in the continuous flooding system. 9
- 10. The first Green Revolution • In 1940’s plant geneticists, began using traditional methods of cross- breeding to create plants with desirable traits, including – Larger, more nutritious seeds, fruit – Resistance to pests and disease – Focused chiefly on wheat, corn, and rice Norman Borlaug M.S. Swaminathan
- 11. • Newer varieties tolerated stresses associated with increased planting density • Greater planting density yields more grain per field. Successes of the first Green Revolution
- 12. Successes of Green Revolution • In the 1960's, 70's and 80's, crop yields boosted in India, China and Latin America. One billion deaths from starvation averted • Lower food prices occurred globally • If food remained scarce in these countries, it was the result of politics and food distribution
- 13. Green revolution – The cold war in agriculture • Improved varieties • Inorganic fertilizer • Insecticides • Weedicides • Machinery use
- 14. Consequences • Improved varieties – high input cost, pest and diseases, susceptible to drought, salinity etc. • Mechanization – damage to soil environment, soil erosion, nutrient loss, water loss, insurgence of weeds • Inorganic fertilizer and agro-chemicals – soil acidity, heavy metals, micro-nutrient deficiency, health problems etc.
- 15. Robert Nox - 1681 Lewis - 1884
- 16. Agro-chemicals
- 17. Name of fungicide Commercial names Banned in USA Reason Captan 3 1994 Cancer, Mancozeb 21 1992 Cancer, stunt growth, pregnancy problem, hormone deficiency Maneb 3 1985 Cancer, stunt growth, pregnancy problem, hormone deficiency Increased pesticide use - Fungicides
- 18. Name of insecticide Trade names Banned in USA Reason Carbaryl 04 1987 Cancer, nervous breakdown, water pollution Carbofuran 14 1989 Cancer, nervous breakdown, water pollution, stunt growth, pregnancy problem Chloropyrifos 35 1985 Cancer, water pollution, stunt growth, pregnancy problem Diazinon 11 1980 Nervous breakdown Fenobucarb 14 Cancer, water pollution Phenthoate 13 Cancer, stunt growth, pregnancy problem Increased pesticide use – Insecticides
- 19. Name of weedicide Trade names Banned in USA Reason 2,4 - D 5 1984 Cancer, nervous breakdown, water pollution Alachlor 6 - Cancer, nervous breakdown, water pollution, stunt growth, pregnancy problem Diuron 11 1987 Cancer, pregnancy problem, water pollution Glyphosate 38 ? nervous breakdown, Kidney failure MCPA 35 1984 Cancer, water pollution Oxadiazon 1 - Cancer, stunt growth, pregnancy problem Paraquat 3 1986 ?? Propanil 27 1982 Cancer, stunt growth, pregnancy problem Increased pesticide use - Weedicides
- 20. What brought Kidney disease ? New study - March 01, 2014 • Hard water contains metals like Ca, Mg, Sr, Fe etc. • Roundup, or glyphosate, becomes highly toxic to the kidney once mixed with “hard water” • Glyphosate half-life of around 47 days in soil can increase up to 22 years after forming “strong complexes with metal ions.”
- 25. Death rate Glyphosate applied Corn and Soya planted USA
- 26. Use of Agro-chemicals in Sugar Cane Farms: an example from Nicaragua • San Antonio Sugar Mill of Nicaragua Sugar Estates Ltd. • 3251 died from Chronic Renal Insufficiency (CRI) up to 22 March 2009 • 2244 died during 2005 - 2009 • Pesticides used: Hexacinone, Diuron, Tebuthiuron, 2,4-D, Glyphosate, Ametryn, Paraquat, Endosulfan, MCPA ……………
- 27. Chronic Renal Disease (unknown) is spreading at an alarming rate
- 28. 10 Symptoms of Kidney Disease 1. Changes in Urination 2. Swelling 3. Fatigue 4. Skin Rash/Itching 5. Metallic Taste in Mouth/Ammonia Breath 6. Nausea and Vomiting 7. Shortness of Breath 8. Feeling Cold 9. Dizziness and Trouble Concentrating 10.Leg/Flank Pain
- 30. Our agriculture is perfect Cosmo-spiritual powers Socio-cultural dimension Bio-physical process Local agriculture
- 31. New Rice varieties Traditional Rice varieties
- 32. We had more than two thousand traditional rice varieties
- 33. Kalu heenati kahawanu Siyapath el Kurulu thuda Traditional rice Mada thawalu Suwandal
- 34. Specialty of traditional rice
- 35. Importance: Acid-base balance in the kidney Protein synthesis Production of cellular energy Activating immune cells For curing treatment of injuries To produce anti-cancer medicines For muscle development Glutamic acid
- 36. Glycemic Index – How fast the starch is converted to sugar Glucose 100 Wheat flour preparations 75-95 Rice Bg 450 67 Bg 94-1 68 Suwandel 45
- 37. Variety type Protein (%) Fe (%) Traditional 10.6- 13.3 2.2-3.4 Improved (new) 6.4-10.0 1.7-2.0 Anti-oxidant property (mmol Trolox/100 g) Traditional rice Improved rice Total 8.01 -17.88 1.84 - 1.61 Average 14.23 1.7 Type Pro antho cyanidin (mg/g) Phenolic acids (mg/g) Traditional 11.95 - 21.77 16.47- 40.43 Improved nil 8.12- 8.56
- 38. New findings • Arsenic and other heavy metals are present in many agro-chemicals including glyphosate • Pro-anthocyanidin can remove heavy metals from human body • Pro-anthocyanidin is contained in Pachcha perumal, Heenati (black), Madathawalu etc. • Pro-anthocyanidin is absent in samba, nadu etc. found in the market
- 39. Principles of Ecological Farming • Bringing nature principles to the farm – Crops and Varieties resistant to pest – Suitable plant density (with neighbour plants) – Trap crops – Habitats for prtedators – Cover crops – Crop rotation – Reduced tillage – Addition of organic matter to soil – Supply of different organic matter – Covering the soil – Reduce soil compaction – Reduce soil erosion – Addition of nutrients
- 40. Benefits of Ecological Agriculture • Water saving • Avoiding water pollution • Nutritious foods without poisons • Economic benefits • Long-term (sustainable) productivity • Minimum external inputs • Possibility of using locally available materials • Inputs can be self-prepared • Integration of crop and livestock • Mental satisfaction
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