Explanation of Mutation.

1. MUTATION

2. PRESENTED
By DEVENDRA BAGWAN
(M.Sc ZOOLOGY, 1ST SEM)
DEPARTMENT OF ZOOLOGY
& APPLIED AQUA-CULTURE
BARKATULLAH UNIVERSITY
BHOPAL (M.P)

3. • SYNOPSIS
• INTRODUCTION
• DEFINITION
• MUTATION THEORY
• TYPE OF MUTATION :-
1. Somatic Mutation and Germinal Mutation
2. Chromosomal Mutation
• REFERENCE

4. • INTRODUCTION :-
Mutations are sudden changes in
organisms that are inherited from one
generation to another. They are caused
by a sudden change in a gene. After
mutation, such genes acquire a new
structure, due to which new traits develop
in the organism, which are inherited
through gametes.

5. • DEFINITION:-
• Hereditary changes in the genetic structure
of an organism are called mutations. The
term mutation was used by Dutch scientist
Hugo de Breeze in 1907. Which literally
means 'change'. It is derived from the Greek
word 'mutare', which means 'to change'.
Changes in the structure of genes are called
gene mutations and changes in
chromosomes are called chromosomal
mutations.

6. In 1907, Hugo de Breeze presented the mutation theory. He told
that new species develop due to large and discontinuous
variations. These large and sudden variations are called
mutations.The actual discovery of mutations was made by T. H.
Morgan in 1910 while experimenting with Drosophila
melanogaster. The eyes of male and female Drosophila are red.
Morgan obtained a white-eyed male Drosophila in his
experiment Pa. Morgan called it the white-eyed male mutant of
Drosophila and clarified that some male Drosophila have
become recessive for some reason due to the dominant gene for
the red color of the eyes, which is present on the 'X'
chromosome. The whites of the eyes became white. This fact he
crossed a white eyed male with a homozygous red eyed female,
three red eyed and one white eyed (male) were obtained in 6
generations.
•MUTATION THEORY:-

7. • TYPE OF MUTATION :-
(1)Somatic Mutation and Germinal
Mutation:-
1. Somatic Mutation:- The mutations
that occur in the somatic cells of the
body are called somatic mutations.
These mutations are never inherited
and disappear with the death of the
organism. Hence, it is of no
importance from the point of view of
development.
2. Germinal Mutation:- Changes in
germ cells are called germinal
mutations. Germinal mutations are
very important because of their
inherited tendency. When a germinal
mutation occurs in a gamete, it is
called a gametic mutation and when
a mutation occurs in a zygote, it is

8. • CHROMOSOMAL MUTATION:-
Changes in the structure,number or set of chromosomes are called
chromosomal mutations. These are mainly found in two types: -
• (A)Change in the number of chromosomes:-
This action is very common in animals.It is found less,but these
changes are seen more in plants.These can be of the following
types:-
(i) Euploidy:- In this set of chromosomes or genome are found in
any number,but the number of sets is balanced.Mostly polyploidy
comes under this.When more than two sets (2N) of chromosomes
are found in an organism,then this phenomenon is called
polyploidy.
(ii) Aneuploidy:– When one or more chromosomes are reduced
or increased in the complete set of chromosomes, then this
process is called aneuploidy.

9. • (B)Structural Changes in
Chromosome:-

10. 1. DELETION :-
•In this, when the chromosome breaks into
two or more pieces at the time of meiosis,
some part is separated, which reduces the
number of genes in that chromosome. This
process occurs during the exchange of
chromosome segments between
homologous chromosomes during crossing
over during meiosis. In this way, due to the
separation or deletion of the chromosome,
its structure changes and chromosomal
mutation arises.

11. 2. DUPLICATION:-
•Whenever the broken part of one
chromosome from the homologous
chromosome joins with the other, there is loss
or deletion of the gene in one chromosome
and duplication of that gene in the other
chromosome. This action is called
duplication.

12. 3. INVERSION :-
•In this, the configuration order of the genes
located in the chromosome is changed.
Sometimes their ends are changed due to
joining of more than one piece. In this way
the action of inversion arises due to the
change in configuration.

13. 4. TRANSLOCATION :-
•In this, a piece of a chromosome joins
with another chromosome, due to
which there is a change in the structure
of the chromosome. In this way,
mutations arise due to transfer of
segments in non-homologous
chromosomes.

14. • REFERENCE
• NAVBODH PUBLICATION
• WEBSITE :-MUTATION
https://acrobat.adobe.com/link/track?uri=urn:aai
d:scds:US:79c2cde9-e620-423e-9200-
cbcd7075d1fa

15. • THANKS
ALL OF
YOU🤗😊