To Identify the Participation of World Vision Beneficiaries in Diversified Income Generating Activities. Problem Faced by The World Vision Beneficiaries to Participate in Diversified Income Sources.

1. Welcome
to
Presentation

2. Participation in Diversified Income Sources
by World Vision Beneficiaries
Md. Didarul AminMd. Didarul Amin

3.  Supervisor
Professor Dr. M. Abul Kashem

4. General BackgroundGeneral Background
 The overall development of the country depends on massive
involvement of people in IGAs
 Since mid 1970s, NGOs in Bangladesh started massive activities
with diversified income sources (DIS)
 World Vision is one of them dealing with DIS since 1972
 These are expected to affect the poor people livelihoods by using
limited resources
 The main objective of World Vision program is to promote DIS

5. Research problemResearch problem
 Most of the people are involved in a single income source
 To get maximum output from our limited resources they need to be involved in DIS
 Both GOs and NGOs have been working with DIS since last few decades
 World Vision has a Program aiming to increase productivity and production through DIS
Research questions
 To what extent the beneficiaries participate in DIS under World Vision
 What are the influential characteristics of them affect their participation in DIS
 To what extent the relationships prevail between their selected characteristics with
the participation in DIS
 Do the beneficiaries face any difficulties in participating in DIS

6. ObjectivesObjectives
 To determine the extent of participation in diversified
income sources by World Vision beneficiaries.
 To explore the relationship of the selected
characteristics of the beneficiaries with their extent of
participation in diversified income sources.
 To ascertain the problem faced by the beneficiaries to
participate in diversified income sources.

7. Conceptual framework
Characteristics of the
beneficiaries
Age
Education
Family size
Farm size
Annual family income
Input supply
Training received
NGO affiliation
Cosmopoliteness
Problems Confronted by the Beneficiaries
Factors as hidden variables
 Norms  Values  Culture
 Attitude  Fatalism
Aspiration
Poverty alleviation
through
improvement of
livelihoods of the
rural poor
PARTICIPATION
IN DIVERSIFIED
INCOME
SOURCES

8. METHODOLOGYMETHODOLOGY
Locale: Dhakua union of Phulpur upazila in Mymensingh district

11. Population and samplePopulation and sample
 Population: World Vision beneficiaries of Dhakua union
 Total population: 433 in 25 groups
 Sample: 110 beneficiaries
 Sampling method: Stratified proportionate random sampling method
 Instrument: Structured interview schedule and SCDs
 Data collection: 22 March to 22 April 2007

12. Dependent and independent variablesDependent and independent variables
Dependent variable:
Extent of participation in DIS by World Vision beneficiaries
Independent variables:
 Age
 Education
 Family size
 Farm size
 Annual family income
 Input supply
 Training received
 NGO affiliation
 Cosmopoliteness

13. Measurement of dependent variableMeasurement of dependent variable
(Participation in DIS)(Participation in DIS)
 Dimensions of participation
 Frequency of performance
 Part of work done
 Control over decision
Frequency of
performance
Par of work done Control over decision Score
Not at all Not at all Absolutely no decision by self 0
Rarely Less than half of the requirement Shared decision, mainly by others 1
Occasionally More than half of the requirement Shared decision, mainly by self 2
Regularly Completely Full decision by self 3
4-point rating scale for each of the dimensions scored as:

14. Measurement of dependent variableMeasurement of dependent variable
 Participation Index (PI)
fa = Actual frequency of performance
fp = Possible frequency of performance
wa = Actual part of work done
wp = Possible part of work done
da = Actual control over decision
dp = Possible control over decision
 Possible range of PI = 0-100%Possible range of PI = 0-100%
100
d
d
w
w
f
f
3
1
PI
p
a
p
a
p
a
×








++×=

15. Measurement of problem confrontationMeasurement of problem confrontation
SCDs (Scored Causal Diagrams) of
PFM (Participatory Farm Management)

16. Hypotheses and statistical testsHypotheses and statistical tests
H0
: There is no relationship between the selected characteristics of the
beneficiaries and their extent of participation in diversified income
sources.
Statistical tests
 Range, mean, percentage distribution and standard deviation and
Pearson’s Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation (r)

17. Findings and DiscussionFindings and Discussion

18. Characteristics profile of World Vision beneficiaries
Characteristics
(units)
Range Respondents
Mean
Std.
Dev.Possible Observed Categories %
Age
(Year)
- 22-50
Young (≤30)
Middle-aged (31-45)
Old (>45)
57.3
40.9
1.8
31.72 6.44
Education
(Year of
schooling)
- 0-16
Illiterate (0)
Primary education (1-5)
Secondary education (6-10)
HSC (>10)
14.5
61.0
19.0
5.5
4.68 3.60
Family size
(Number)
- 2-11
Small family (up to 4)
Medium family (5-6)
Large family (above 6)
35.5
50.0
14.5
5 1.63
Farm size
(Hectare)
- 0.02-3.48
Marginal farmer (0.02-0.2)
Small farmer (0.21-1.0)
Medium farmer (1.1-3.0)
Large farmer (>3.0)
18.2
50.6
29.1
1.8
0.68 0.58
Annual family
income
(in ‘000’ Taka)
- 7-370
Low(≤50)
Medium (51-100)
High (>100)
30.9
43.6
25.5
86.53 57.98

19. continued
Input supply
(Taka.)
- 0-3800
Low(≤1267)
Medium (1268-2533)
High (>2533)
83.6
5.5
10.9
739.82 990.53
Training received
(day)
- 0-12
Low(≤4)
Medium (5-8)
High (>8)
51.8
28.2
20.0
4.55 3.30
NGO affiliation
(year)
- 0-18
Low(≤6)
Medium (7-12)
High (>12)
98.2
0.0
1.8
1.35 2.42
Cosmopoliteness
(score)
0-30 0-18
Poor(≤10)
Moderate(11-20)
Good (>20)
61.8
38.2
0.0
8.05 4.83

20. Participation in DISParticipation in DIS
Range (score) Respondents
Mean Std. Dev.
Possible Observed Categories No. %
0-100 15.38-64.10
Low(≤33)
Medium (34-67)
High (>67)
22
88
00
16.4
83.6
0.0
43.37 10.25

21. Ranking of diversified income sources in respect to PIRanking of diversified income sources in respect to PI
Rank order Income sources Average
1 Homestead vegetable cultivation 72.63
2 Marketing of product 72.32
3 Field crop production 70.40
4 Poultry rearing 66.06
5 Beef cattle fattening 61.11
6 Spice cultivation 55.25
7 Goat rearing 39.29
8 Pond fish culture 37.47
9 Mini-mixed orchard 32.83
10 Bio-intensive gardening 25.56
11 Road side tree plantation 14.34
12 Rice-cum fish culture 9.09
13 Nursery management 8.48

22. Relationship between selected characteristics and participationRelationship between selected characteristics and participation
Characteristics Extent of participation
Age 0.093
Education 0.234*
Family size 0.095
Farm size 0.429**
Annual family income 0.335**
Input supply 0.368**
Training received 0.379**
NGO affiliation -0.198*
Cosmopoliteness 0.368**

23. Low participation in
diversified income
sources (100)
Low poultry
rearing (20)
Lack of poultry
feed (8)
Lack of vaccine
(12)
Low rice-cum fish
culture (5)
Low water
storage in field
(5)
Low cooperation from
male in family (2)
Unwillingness to
beef cattle fattening
(20)
Unwillingness to
goat
rearing (25)
Lack of homestead
vegetable cultivation (25)
Lack of interest in road
side tree plantation (5)
Inadequate homestead
land (22) Laziness to prepare
hedge (1)
Prone to be attacked by
livestock and poultry (1)
Husband restricts wife to
participate (2)
Women feel shy to
participate (3)
Social and religious
restriction (3)
Low rice cultivation
(20)
Land scarcity to
cultivate rice (5)
None can raise voice
against discrimination (8)
The poor get less legal
support (7)
Lack of awareness
(10)
Lack of technical
knowledge (15)
Lack of education
(10)
Lack of need based
training (15)
Absence of selected
person in training session
(6)
Participation in training
for money/food (9)
Less part of benefit goes to
sharecropper who cultivates
(15)
Lack of cattle feed
(20)

24. Ranking of problemsRanking of problems
Rank order Problem Obtained score
1 Inadequate homestead land 22
2 Lack of vaccine 12
3 Lack of education 10
4 Participation in training for money/food 9
5 Lack of poultry feed 8
6 None can raise voice against discrimination 8
7 The poor get less legal support 7
8 Absence of selected person in training session 6
9 Land scarcity to cultivate rice 5
10 Low water storage in field 5
11 Social and religious restriction 3
12 Low cooperation from male in family 2
13 Husband restricts wife to participate 2
14 Laziness to prepare hedge 1

25. Conclusion &Conclusion &
RecommendationRecommendation

26.  There was further scope to increase participation of World Vision
beneficiaries in DIS
 There was also opportunities to improve the level of education of the
respondents to increase the extent of participation in DIS
 Farm size was an important characteristic influencing the participation
in DIS
 There was possibility to increase input supply for the beneficiaries in
order to increase participation in DIS
 Training had a great influence on the participation in DIS
 Cosmopoliteness had a considerable influence on the participation in
DIS
ConclusionsConclusions

27. Recommendations for policy implicationRecommendations for policy implication
 Need based training support should be increased by the GOs and
NGOs to increase the participation in DIS by the rural poor
 Educational facilities should be provided to the rural people through
adult learning program
 Various inputs for participation in DIS should be made available and
accessible
 Government policy concerning land tenure should be redefined so
that sharecroppers who actually cultivate can get equal part of
benefits from the crops
 Legal support for the rural poor should be strengthened
 Motivational campaign may be arranged to motivate male partners
of the family to cooperate females as well as to minimize social and
religious restriction

28. Recommendations for further researchRecommendations for further research
 Similar studies in other parts of the country to generalize the
outcomes
 Further studies with other independent and dependent
variables
 Studies with similar variables to validate the present findings
 Further studies to determine various aspects of participation
in DIS
 Research works to identify particularly the obstacles and to
explore the potentialities of the beneficiaries to overcome the
hindrances

29. Thank You Very MuchThank You Very Much