M ary psk and m ary qam ppt

1. Topic :
M-ary PSK & M-ary
QAM
By: Danish Amin

2. M-ary Encoding
M-ary is a term derived from the word binary. M simply represents a
digit that corresponds to the number of
conditions, levels, or combinations possible for a given number of
binary variables.
For example, a digital signal with four possible conditions
(voltage levels, frequencies, phases, and so on) is an M-ary
system where M = 4.
If there are eight possible conditions,
M= 8 and so forth.
The number of bits necessary to produce a given number of
conditions is expressed mathematically as
N = log2M
where N = number of bits necessary
M = number of conditions, levels, or combinations .

3. BPSK Overview

4. M-ary PSK

5. Constellation diagram of M-ary PSK

6. 8-PSK Modulator

7. Working of 8-PSK Modulator
1. The incoming serial bit stream enters the bit splitter, where it is
converted to a parallel, three channel output(the I or in-phase
channel, the Q or in Quadrature channel, and the C or control
channel).
2. The bit rate in each of the three channels is fb/3.
3. The bits in the I and C channels enter the I channel 2-to-4-level
converter and the bits in the Q and C channels enter the Q
channel 2-to-4-level converter.
4. Essentially, the 2-to-4-level converters are parallel-input
digital-to-analog converter, (DACs). With two input bits, four
output voltages are possible.
5. The I or Q bit determines the polarity of the output analog
signal (logic 1=+V and logic 0 = -V), whereas the C or C’ bit
determines the magnitude (logic 1= 1.307 V and logic 0 =0.541
V).

8. 6. Because the C and C’ bits can never be the same
logic state, the outputs from the I and Q 2-to-4-
level converters can never have the same
magnitude, although they can have the same
polarity.
7. The output of a 2-to-4-level converter is an M-
ary, pulse amplitude- modulated (PAM) signal
where M = 4.
8. It can be seen that the angular separation
between any two adjacent phasors is 45°, half
what it is with QPSK.
9. Therefore, an 8-PSK signal can undergo almost a
± 22.5°

11. Output Phase-verses-time
relationship

12. 8-PSK Receiver

13. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation
1) Quadrature amplitude modulation (QAM) is the name of a family of digital
modulation methods and a related family of analog modulation methods
widely used in modern telecommunications to transmit information. It
conveys two analog message signals, or two digital bit streams, by changing
(modulating) the amplitudes of two carrier waves, using the amplitude-shift
keying (ASK) digital modulation scheme or amplitude modulation (AM)
analog modulation scheme. The two carrier waves of the same frequency are
out of phase with each other by 90°, a condition known as orthogonality or
quadrature.
2) The transmitted signal is created by adding the two carrier waves together. At
the receiver, the two waves can be coherently separated (demodulated)
because of their orthogonality property.

14. 3) Phase modulation (analog PM) and phase-shift keying (digital PSK) can
be regarded as a special case of QAM, where the amplitude of the
transmitted signal is a constant, but its phase varies.
4) This can also be extended to frequency modulation (FM) and frequency-
shift keying (FSK), for these can be regarded as a special case of phase
modulation.
USES OF QAM
1) QAM is used extensively as a modulation scheme for digital
telecommunication systems, such as in 802.11 Wi-Fi standards. Arbitrarily
high spectral efficiencies can be achieved with QAM by setting a suitable
constellation size, limited only by the noise level and linearity of the
communications channel.
2) QAM is being used in optical fiber systems as bit rates increase; QAM16
and QAM64 can be optically emulated with a 3-path interferometer

15. QAM Modulator & Demodulator

16. M-ary QAM
Definition:
1) In this modulation Technique the digital data is sent by varying both the
envelope and phase(or frequency) of an RF carrier.
2) These modulation techniques map base band data into four or more possible
RF carrier signals. Hence, these modulation techniques are called M-ary
modulation.
3) The general form of an M-ary QAM signal can be defined as
where
Emin is the energy of the signal with the lowest amplitude and
ai and bi are a pair of independent integers chosen according to the location of
the particular signal point.
In M-ary QAM energy per symbol and also distance between possible symbol
states is not a constant.

17. M-ary signaling scheme:
• In this signaling scheme 2 or more bits are grouped together to
form a symbol.
• One of the M possible signals s1(t) ,s2(t),s3(t),……sM(t) is
transmitted during each symbol period of duration Ts.
•The number of possible signals = M = 2n, where n is an integer.
•The number of bits necessary to produce a given number of
conditions is expressed mathematically as
N = log2M
where N = number of bits necessary
M = number of conditions, levels, or combinations with
possible N bits.

18. n M = 2n Symbol
1 2 0, 1
2 4 00, 01, 10, 11
3 8 000, 001, 010,011,...
4 16 0000, 0001, 0010,0011,….
…. …… ……….
The symbol values of M for a given value of n:

19. Constellation diagram of M-ary
QAM
Fig: Signal Constellation of M-ary QAM for M=16

20. Fig: Signal Constellation of M-ary QAM for M=32

26. Power Efficiency and Bandwidth
1) Increasing M implies that the constellation is
more densely packed, and hence the power
efficiency (noise tolerance) is increased. Power
efficiency of QAM is superior to M-ary PSK.
2) Bandwidth efficiency of QAM is identical to
M-ary PSK.
3) The minimum bandwidth required for 8-QAM
is fb / 3, the same as in 8-PSK.

27. 8-QAM transmitter
The difference between the 8-QAM transmitter and the 8-PSK transmitter is the
omission of the inverter between the C channel and Q product modulator.

29. Output phase & amplitude-verses-
time relationship for 8-QAM

30. 8-QAM Receiver

31. 8-QAM Receiver
• An 8-QAM receiver is almost identical to the 8-PSK receiver.
• The differences are the PAM levels at the output of the product
detectors and the binary signals at the output of the analog to
digital converters. Because there are two transmit amplitudes
possible with 8-QAM that are different from those achievable
with 8-PSK,the four demodulated PAM levels in 8-QAM are
different from those in 8-PSK.
• Also with 8-QAM the binary output signals from the I-channel
analog to digital converter are I and C bits, and the binary
output signals from the Q channel analog-to-digital converter
are the Q and C bits.

32. References
• “Electronic Communications Systems” , fifth edition
by Wayne Tomasi.
• Jonqyin (Russell) Sun "Linear diversity analysis for QAM in
Rician fading channels", IEEE WOCC 2014
• John G. Proakis, "Digital Communications, 3rd Edition
• “Digital Communications” , Second Edition by Bernard Sklar

33. Thank You