Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy Diets
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Dr. Heather Dann presented this information for DAIReXNET. Learn about the importance of transition cow management, and how feeding lower-energy transition diets could benefit a herd. From monitoring intake to coordinating various diets, Dr. Dann offers insights into setting cows up for success in their next lactation. Available on YouTube at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ImX7bVlfdSo
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Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy Diets
- 1. Feeding Dry Dairy Cows Lower Energy Diets Heather Dann, Ph.D.
- 2. Nutrition and Management During the Dry and Fresh Periods Dictate the Success or Failure of the Lactation
- 3. Transition Success • The cow is… – Healthy – Produces a large quantity of milk with good components – Able to reproduce at the appropriate time • The dairy is… – Profitable and sustainable
- 5. Too Many Health Problems… Problem Median Incidence Risk (%) Range of Incidence Risk (%) Estimated Cost ($/case) Lameness 7 2–30 302–400 Clinical mastitis 14 2–55 185–205 Subclinical mastitis 30 15–60 – Metritis 10 2–37 359 Subclinical metritis 53 37–74 – Retained fetal membranes 9 1–39 285 Ketosis 5 1–18 145 Subclinical ketosis 43 26–55 67 Hypocalcemia 7 0–22 335 Subclinical hypocalcemia 22 8–54 125 Adapted from Van Saun & Sniffen, 2014
- 6. Dry and Fresh Cow Nutrition Continues to Evolve • Use integrated strategies to support… – Energy metabolism – Protein metabolism – Mineral metabolism – Immune function – Rumen function
- 7. The Best Formulated Diets Cannot Overcome Suboptimal Management Practices Implement management practices that allow access to good quality feed while minimizing social and environmental stressors and promoting cow comfort
- 8. Far-off Dry Close- up Dry Fresh Early Lactation Far-off Dry Close-up Dry 1 Group or High Lactation 1 Group Dry (often shorter dry period) Fresh Early Lactation 1 Group Dry (often shorter dry period) 1 Group or High Lactation -8 -3 0 +2??? Week of Lactation
- 9. How much TMR are the cows eating? Does the dairy know? Does the dairy measure it?
- 10. Intake is Critical for Success 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 Far-off Close-up Fresh High lb/d Controlled by Physical and Chemostatic Mechanisms Influenced by Feeding Management, Social Interactions, and Environment
- 11. Too Little or Too Much Intake is a Problem Fresh Period Health Problems in 1500 – 1600 lb Holsteins • ~26 to 28 lb DM/d • Poor starts and peak milk • Action – Test feed quality/digestibility – Evaluate bunk management, feed availability – Assess non-nutritional stressors • >33 lb DM/d • Before calving – BW/BCS gain • After calving – Sluggish intake – Excessive BW/BCS loss • Action – Limit grain-type forages, other palatable feeds to control intake – Complement with a consistent, low K, bulky forage source
- 12. Carbohydrates A Focus Area Since Carbohydrates Contribute the Majority of Energy • Steam-up vs higher forage dry diets to control energy intake – 0.56 to 0.66 Mcal NEL/lb DM • (1.25 to 1.45 Mcal NEL/kg DM) – 100 to 110% ME • Prolonged overconsumption of energy during the dry period can result in poorer transitions
- 13. Overfed Cows Have… • Abdominal fat deposition • Insulin resistance • Blood NEFA and BHBA • Liver triglyceride • Body weight/condition loss after calving • Chronic inflammation • Health problems • DM intake • Energy intake • Milk • Reproductive performance • Profitability
- 14. Higher Forage, Lower Energy Dry Diet AKA Controlled Energy Diet, Goldilocks Diet, #@! Straw Diet Drackley, 2013 Feeding to meet cows’ requirements Not too much, not too little…but just right Promote consistent intake throughout the dry period…to promote high intake after calving
- 15. Higher Forage, Lower Energy Diets Controlling Energy Intake while Meeting Other Nutrient Needs • Must be a transition period strategy…not a close- up or pre-fresh strategy only 1 or 2 dry groups
- 16. Higher Forage, Lower Energy Diets Controlling Energy Intake while Meeting Other Nutrient Needs • Often based on corn silage and straw – Feeding characteristics – 100 to 110% of ME – 12-18% starch; >40% NDF (gut fill) – 1,000 to 1,300 g MP • Fine tune based on… – Fermentable carbohydrates – Cow response (intake, health, performance) Drackley, 2006; Drackley et al., 2007
- 17. Feed Higher Forage (Straw/Hay), Lower Energy Diets as a TMR • Feed as a TMR, no free- choice forage – High level of feeding management • Free-choice low-energy forage with limit-fed balanced partial mix is a poor second choice
- 18. Straw A “Low Quality” Forage • Need to consider other quality indicators – Palatability, amount of contaminants, presence of molds • Need a consistent source
- 19. 3/4” 5/16” 5/32” Pan 20% 20% 20% 40% Straw Particle Size to Minimize Sorting
- 20. Common Way Cows Consume Too Much Energy on a Properly Formulated Diet Hay & Straw Not Incorporated Well, Particle Size Too Long Photos Courtesy of T. R. Overton
- 21. Sorting • Evaluate TMR at feed out and throughout day along with refusals – Visual – Penn State Particle Separator - < 10-15% – Chemical composition (NDF, CP) - < 10% • Evaluate cows for change and variation – Body condition – Body weight Drackley et al., 2007
- 22. BCS doesn’t tell the whole story Excessive dietary energy leads to greater visceral fat deposition in thin cows than in fat cows… Nikkhah et al., 2008
- 23. Monitor Body Weight Change to Identify Problems before They Happen
- 24. How Should We Transition Cows From a Higher Forage, Lower Energy Dry Diet to a Lactating Diet?
- 25. Fresh Cow Diet Frequently Based on the High Cow Diet • Some common adjustments… – Less starch & more fiber – More physically effective fiber (peNDF) • Usually less than 2.2 lb of chopped straw/hay – Additional rumen undegradable protein/AA – Additional rumen inert fat – Strategic addition of other nutrients and additives • Promote rumen function and a rapid rise in intake – Minimize SARA and chronic inflammation
- 26. Take Home Messages • Higher forage, lower energy diets fed during the dry period can help cows achieve transition success – Diet is only part of it… need to minimize stressors • Meet all nutrient requirements while not greatly exceeding requirement for energy • Diet is often based on corn silage and straw
- 27. How Can Higher Forage, Lower Energy Diets Improve Transition Success? • Stabilize DMI and prevent large drops in DMI before calving • Prevent “fat cow”-type responses to excessive energy consumption (insulin resistance, fatty liver, ketosis…) • Decrease K intakes and prevent low blood Ca • Increase DMI after calving along with improved rumen fill and function – Decrease risk of DA, acidosis
- 28. Attention to Feeding Management is Critical for Transition Success • Measure DMI • Test feeds (forages) • Feed the diets as a TMR starting at dry-off • Process the straw or hay • Monitor sorting • Use a fresh cow diet…especially with 1-group dry diet