Fishing farming can be used to supply the depleting population of fish species around the globe. This presentation speak towards aquaculture and mariculture and issues with fish farming while speaking towards the benefits

1. Mariculture
Mr C. Johnson

2. Objective
• After this presentation with images
• Student will be able to state types of
mariculture
• List some fish cultured in the Bahamas
• Compare and contrast the risk to reward of
maricuture

7. Why Mariculture?
•
As humanity’s populationcontinues to expand, we
must increasingly rely upon new and improved
methods for cultivating food on land and in the
ocean. The term aquaculture refers to the
cultivation in water (fresh and saltwater) of animals
or plants for human consumption. Mariculture
refers to the commercial harvest of seafood that is
farm-raised in the ocean and along the coast.

8. What is Mariculture
• Sustainable mariculture supports food-
provisioning needs through practices that can be
maintained over the long term. This includes not
compromising the water quality in the farmed
area and not relying on wild populations to feed
or replenish the cultivated species.
Some types of mariculture may impact the
delivery of benefits in other goals through habitat
destruction, accidental release of non-native
species or other factors. Such factors are included
as pressures when scoring those goals.

9. Mariculture

10. Turks and Caicos conch farming

11. Mariculture in the Bahamas
• There are many species that have failed in
terms of farming the Bahamas such as shrimp
and oyster farming
• Some Species that have been successful are
tilapia and cobia.

18. Cobia

19. Seaweed Farming

20. Cobia Farming

21. Turk’s Conch Farm

22. Cobia

23. Tilapia

24. Tilapia

25. Salmon Farming

26. Types of Cultured Tilapea

27. Conch Farming

28. Negatives of Mariculture
• Propagation of Invasive Species. ...
• Threat to Coastal Ecosystems. ...
• Contaminates Water and Threatens Health. ...
• Affects Wild Fish Population....
• Impact on the Environment.
• Diseases
• Toxic Waste

29. Positives of Mariculture
• Food
• Diversification
• Finances
• Control
• Saving Existing Species
• Removes pressure of fisheries

30. Algal Bloom

31. Disease in Farming

32. Polluting Chemicals

33. Spreading of parasites and diseases
• Due to crowded and stressful conditions in
intensive mariculture there are frequently
outbreaks of diseases. The pathogens can be
moved to previously disease-free regions by
transport of hatchery products like shrimp-
postlarvae. And later animals with infections
or parasites might escape and spread the
pathogens to wild stocks

34. Escapes / Aliens / Biodiversity /
Genetics
• Alien species resulting from escaped culture
stocks have established far from their home
range. Some consider this just
more biodiversity, while others think that they
predate on or compete with native species
and could eventually eliminate these

35. Farming up and fishing down the food
chain / Food security
• High value marine carnivorous finfish need animal
sources of protein. Most of this comes from marine
fish in the form of fish meal. The fish meal is made
from small pelagic wild fish e.g. anchoveta and atlantic
herring. This practise has two main disadvantages. One
is that there is less left for marine predators like seals
and seabirds and also commercially valuable predatory
fish like cod (CBD, 2004[2]). The other is concerning
human food security. Often 2-5 times more fish protein
is put into the farmed species than is supplied by the
farmed product. In contrast herbivorous filter feeders
contribute to food security (Naylor et al., 2000[4]).

36. Habitat degradation / modification
• In general mariculture can (depending on
cultivation method) take a lot of space, which can
affect migratory routes and feeding patterns and
reproduction of non-target species. One example
is the destruction of mangroves to build shrimp
ponds there. If these ponds are in operation later
their effluents might pose a threat to adjacent
mangrove ecosystems. Saltwater intrusion due to
active pumping of groundwater into the ponds
may lead to additional problems

37. Areil View of Turks and Caicos Farm

38. Types of Mariculture

39. Crustecean Culture
• Crustacean Culture
• Broodstock/seedsupply: Until last decade the
global industry relied on wild-caught larvae or
berried (= egg-carrying) females. Nowadays
there is a trend towards hatcheries.
• Growout: takes place in earthen ponds,
concrete raceways and tanks (CBD, 2004[2]).

40. Plant Mariculture
• This includes macro- and micro algae as well as seagrasses.
• Broodstock/seed supply: Cultured aquatic plants have
complicates life cycles with several intermediate stages.
The major source of broodstock is wild collection. Most
culture is now dependent on hatchery production of the
early life stages (monospores, zoospores, gametophytes,
sporophytes) which are attached to growing media and
transferred to marine sites. Other propagation methods
involve fragmentation.
• Growout: Young plants are cultured by 3 different methods:
suspended (longline and raft), bottom cultures at the sea
(large rocks or artificial shapes of concrete are placed on
the seabed) and inland tank cultures (CBD, 2004]).

41. Mollusck Culture
• Broodstock/seedsupply: Bivalve mollusc larvae
are either collected from natural grounds using
material to which they adhere or produced in
hatcheries by artificial fertilization.
• Growout: Larvae that have set to their substrate
are grown in hanging cultures (suspended from
floating rafts or long lines on strings, trays, stacks
or mesh bags), vertical or rack culture (sticks or
platforms), bottom culture (shells, stones, rocks
or cement slabs added to the ground), or in land-
based systems (CBD, 2004[

42. Finfish
• Broodstock/seed supply: The broodstock can be domesticated or a
mix of domesticated and wild animals. Most species are grown
from larvae or fry produced in hatcheries. There spawning is often
induced with a hormone application.
• Growout: Cage culture can be divided into inshore and offshore
cages and can be fixed, floating or submerged. Inshore cages are
located in protected, shallow areas with less water circulation.
Offshore cages are located in deep water and open areas with less
protection from storm but with better water exchange. Nets and
fish pen are located in shallow water and their edges are anchored
to the bottom. A typical fish pond system consists of following basic
components: pond compartments enclosed by dikes, canals for
supply and drainage of water and gates or water control structures
(CBD, 2004