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Climate Change Innovation and
Resilience For Sustainable Livelihood
12-14 January 2015, Kathmandu, Nepal
Prof. Upendra B. Pradhanang (Tribhuvan University, Nepal)
Dr. Soni M. Pradhanang (University of Rhode Island, USA)
Dr. Arhan Sthapit (Faculty of Management, Tribhuvan University)
Dr. Nir Y. Krakauer (City University of New York, USA)
Dr. Tarendra Lakhankar (City University of New York, USA)
Dr. Ajay K. Jha (Colorado State University, USA)
National Livestock Policy of Nepal:
Needs and Opportunities*
*The paper is under the review process at ‘Agriculture’ Journal
4. Livestock Policies of Nepal
Introduction and Study Context
65.6% of Nepalese population involved in
agriculture,
• Accounts for 35.12% of the total GDP (MoAD, 2014)
Livestock subsector contributes 24% of the total
agricultural GDP (ADS, 2012)
• Plays important roles in human food and
nutritional security, livelihood of farmers, regional
balance, gender mainstreaming, and rural poverty
alleviation
No separate national livestock policy in Nepal
• National livestock-related policies are spread
across different agriculture and other sector
policies
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5. Context of Livestock Sector and Climate Change
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Study Methodology & Framework-1
Desk-research and policy-review approach
based on a SWOT analysis of the existing
livestock-related national policies and
secondary data
• SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities
and Threats):
– a strategic analysis technique widely used for getting
an overview of strategic situation of any policy or
organization;
– it provides a logical framework guiding discussion
and reflection about the given policy via its positives
and negatives
8. Review and Analysis of Livestock-Related
National Policies
livestockpolicy_Nepal
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Main Policies/Plans
1. Agricultural
Perspective Plan
(APP), 1995-2015
2. National
Agriculture Policy
(NAP), 2004
3. Agro-business
Promotion Policy
(ABPP), 2006
4. Approach Paper to
the 13th Plan
(2013/14 -
2015/16) and
Agriculture/
Livestock
Development
Policies
Secondary Policies
(Livestock-Related Policies in Other National Policies)
1. Forestry Sector Policy, 2000 (Forest Policy, 2000)
2. National Micro-finance Policy, 2005
3. Dairy Development Policy, 2007
4. Agriculture Bio-diversity Policy, 2007
5. Trade Policy, 2009
6. Climate Change Policy, 2011
7. Rangeland Policy, 2012
8. Livestock Insurance Policy And Agriculture And
Livestock Insurance Regulation
9. National Land Use Policy, 2012
10.Breeding Policy, 2011
11.Animal Health And Livestock Services Act, 1999
And Animal Health Program Implementation
Procedure, 2013
12.Labour Policy, 1999, And Child Labour Act, 2000
13.Birds Rearing Policy, 2011
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Gap Analysis and Policy Suggestions-1
• On Policy Orientation
Legal backing
o For livestock insurance and institutional arrangement
o For effective policy implementation and adjudication
Policy compliance to address climate change
effects
Orientation for research on climate-change effect
on livestock and livestock-sensitivity
Commercialised approach to identify livestock
growth- axis and growth centres
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Gap Analysis and Policy Suggestions-2
• On Policy Content and Planning
Adequate, well-placed investment: Public+Private
Plans to commercialise, diversify LSS in view of
opportunities offered by WTO, SAFTA, BIMSTEC
Plans to develop human resources
• On Institutional Arrangements for Regular
Evaluation and Control
Integrated evaluation system to monitor LSS programs
relating to climate change and poverty alleviation
Framework to monitor HR capability in implementation
Support for grassroots organizations to implement
resilience-building measures in most affected locations
11. Livelihood Vulnerability Issues in LSS Policy
Livestock an important resource of livelihood in Nepal
3 out of every 4 households owns livestock
Threats of livelihood vulnerability to livestock farmers
Mainly due to small-holdings, other socioeconomic
hazards
Likely to trigger chronic poverty
Attention to livelihood vulnerability in livestock sector
inadequate in Nepal’s livestock-related policies
The 20-year APP failed to grasp the nature of
livelihood inequalities
no targeting of livelihood vulnerable people by economic,
social, geographical or age factors
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12. Climate-change Vulnerability Issues-1
Climate change impacts on livestock system due to
Changed water resource supply, forest health, soil health,
land use, human settlement and migration pattern and
ecosystem
Impact severe in the rural and remote areas
• where the livelihoods of people are based on subsistence
agriculture with limited livelihood options
Increased vulnerability and reduced livelihood options
result into off-season migration to India and more
distant countries
Risks of indebtedness of poor families and additional
burden on women, children and elder population to cope
with extreme vulnerabilities
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13. Climate-change Vulnerability Issues-2
Current scenario
Nepal’s APP, 1995-2015 has not considered climate
change issues,
The Approach Paper to 13th Plan (2013/14 -2015/16)
accords 6th priority to techniques/practices to minimize
adverse climate-change impacts on agriculture/
livestock
Need of the hour
Reorienting the livestock related national policy
• restructuring of the national organizational system,
• enlarging strong infrastructures and support services and
• promoting gender equality with increased inclusivity and
empowerment of women
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Conclusion and Recommendations-1
Paper’s emphasis on
Formulating national livestock related policies
• to meet pressing challenges of economic
development, equity, poverty alleviation, gender
mainstreaming, inclusiveness of marginalized
and underprivileged communities, and climate
vulnerability
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Conclusion and Recommendations-2
Urgent need to formulate a separate, integrated
national livestock policy
To sustainably increase livestock production,
productivity, diversification, commercialization and
competitiveness, and
To fight the alarming effects of climate change, and
match with the changing national and international
contexts
Policy should match the changed context
New constitution: Expected very soon
• Transforming government from a unitary system to a
federal democratic structure
