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Emotional labour mentalising empathy and mindfulness
1.
Salford University 15 May
2015 By: Claudia Megele CPD/Post Qualifying Programmes Leader & Digital Lead Middlesex University
2.
“Sawa bona”
“Sikhona” “Unless we exist in the eyes of others we may come to doubt our own existence. Being is a social and psychological construct; it is something that is made not given.” (Myerhoff, 2007, p.31 cited in Megele, 2015, p.149) © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 2
3.
‘Emotional labour
is defined as the expenditure of intellectual, physical and emotional resources, time, effort and energy to identify/understand and fulfil one’s own and other’s emotional needs.’ (Megele, 2015) Emotional labour is embedded in all human interactions and relationships. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 3
4.
Personal Level
Cultural Level Professional level Organisational level Political Level © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 4
5.
Emotions are
deep level signals about information that demands attention.The rapid appraisal of such signals conveys the meaning of the situation and is often a trigger for action. The main difference between feelings and emotions is that feelings are conscious while emotions can be unconscious (for example anxiety or anger). We are aware when emotions lead to externalising behaviour (since we can see their behavioural manifestation/consequences); however, we are not always aware, and cannot always identify emotions that are directed toward self and that lead to internalising behaviour. (Megele, 2015) For example, from a psychodynamic perspective depression is anger turned inside (i.e. anger directed toward self). However, this may not seem evident when we consider some of the behavioural manifestations/ consequences of depression such as: withdrawal, low mood, and so on. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 5
6.
Emotions are
embedded in every human encounter We create meaning through a combination of emotions and cognitions In that sense emotions colour (i.e. add shades and hues) to human experience © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 6
7.
Brenner’s (2001)
research and analysis of critical incident interviews with experienced nurses indicates that in acute medical or care situations, the successful expert nurse had a level of anticipatory, observational, analytical and inter-personal patient care skills that were both care enhancing and frequently life-saving. This was achieved by a combination of timely intervention during medical crises and by making powerful emotional contact with the patient during such crises that motivated the patient’s self healing determination. Research indicates that cardiac patients nursed by staff with depressed mood had four times higher than expected mortality rates. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 7
8.
“Imagine what
your world would be like if you were aware of physical things but were blind to the existence of mental things. I mean, of course, blind to things like thoughts, beliefs, knowledge, desires, and intentions, which for most of us self-evidently underlie behaviour. Stretch your imagination to consider what sense you could make of human action ...” Baron-Cohen, S. (1995) © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 8
9.
Mind-blindness Mentalisation Mind
– reading © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 9
10.
Initially alone
with little self-awareness or other-awareness As we developed tools we also developed greater self- awareness Communities developed and human relationships evolved and so did our ability to think about other people and their thoughts, feelings and intentions Communities and relationships increased in sophistication and so did our ability to mentalise The importance of mentalising accurately in an increasingly symbolic and sophisticated culture with complex relationships © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 10
11.
From birth
to 2 or 2.5 year old (Self serving) From 2.5 to 5 year To 11 year Adolescence 25 years Adulthood Old age © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 11
12.
© Claudia Megele
Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 12
13.
Baron-Cohen et. al.,
2001 © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 13
14.
Baron-Cohen et. al.,
2001 © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 14
15.
© Claudia Megele
Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 15 Baron-Cohen et. al., 2001
16.
© Claudia Megele
Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 16 Baron-Cohen et. al., 2001
17.
“The mental
process by which an individual… interprets the actions of herself and others as meaningful on the basis of intentional mental states such as personal desires, needs, feelings, beliefs, and reasons” “a form of imaginative mental activity” Source: Bateman, A and Fonagy, P (2006) Mentalization BasedTreatment – a practical guide OUP: Oxford © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 17
18.
Reflecting on
these examples: What mental state prompted the action (tears)? What happened on the inside to make these outside external aspects visible (the crying, the turning away)? Construct what is going on in the mind before responding to the person. We do this everyday… © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 18
19.
Strong emotions
Fear – generates self & safety focus Anger – results in blame and fault finding Shame – results in withdrawal/lack of engagement Strong positive or negative bias Defensiveness Not wanting to know what another person thinks of us Not wanting to know what we think and feel Indifference Congruency of memory © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 19
20.
Depression: interferes
with creative thinking and breeds negativity Anxiety: narrows thinking to focus on threat Substance misuse: influences cognitive and affective capacities and reflective ability © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 20
21.
Why do
you think your parents behaved as they did during your childhood? “Because I think maybe my mother found it difficult to cope with three small children. It’s not that we were naughty instead she just found it difficult to provide us with the attention and care we needed. Looking back I think she experienced a lot of anxiety. She also found it difficult to control her anger so she felt that she needed to chastise us.That’s what her mother did to her and what she did to us. I don’t think she thought about a different way of doing things.” © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 21
22.
Why do
you think your parents behaved as they did during your childhood? “I don’t know? Ask them!You’re the social worker! They’ve always been horrible people and even worse parents” © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 22
23.
Psychic equivalence
– concreate thinking; mental reality = outer reality. Telelogical mode – internal states of mind reduced to observable behaviour; mental realities are only real if physically manifested Pretend mode – mental events disconnected from external reality; thoughts decoupled from feelings Source: Bateman, A and Fonagy, P (2006) Mentalization BasedTreatment – a practical guide OUP: Oxford © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 23
24.
Building /
keeping relationships Stabilising sense of self and identity (behaviour) Regulating emotions (deeper look - shame under that anger? See ourselves in the mind of others – we are able to recognise different emotions in ourselves) Impulsive / self destructive behaviour © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 24
25.
“Developmental research
shows that we learn about our own mind from the outside in: it is through the mind of another person— ideally a secure attachment figure—that we become fully aware of our own mental states.” Source: Allen, J. (2013) © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 25
26.
Essential for
relationships and relationship based practice Understanding self and others Influences our relationships as well as our assessments, our appraisals and decision making It also encourages users of services to open up and feel supported and motivated to initiate and hopefully sustain positive change in their lives © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 26
27.
Reflective rather
than reactive approach to what is going on. It enables us to think and ask how did we get here? How can we change this?What is it that you are feeling or thinking or that I am feeling or thinking that we need to consider or reflect upon in order to avoid having this difference and/or conflict? © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 27
28.
Empathy (concerned
with the other person’s mental state) Mindfulness (mindful about the mind but can be about self, or others, or an object, or experience etc.) Psychological Mindedness (introspection and personal insight) Mentalisation is attending to what’s in the mind and the mind of another. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 28
29.
Empathy is
a choice – connecting with a part of myself that knows that feeling. Sympathy is feeling alongside Response versus connection: It’s connection that makes things better.A response with no connection has limited impact. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 29
30.
PerspectiveTaking: ability
to take in someone’s perspective, recognise their perspective and their “truth”/experience Staying out of judgement Recognising emotion in other people and communicating that Communicating emotion with people (feeling with people). Source:Theresa Wiseman (2008) ‘A concept analysis of empathy’ Journal of Advanced Nursing Journal. Vol. 23. No. 6 pp. 1162-1167 © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 30
31.
Close your
eyes and think about …. Letting go of the assumptions… sometimes we think we know but we don’t… sometimes we think we have seen and observed but we haven’t actually seen. Becoming more mindful…. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 31
32.
A process
of bringing increased intention in your life Anything that can be done mindlessly can be done mindfully Taking a step back to observe, in a curious and open way Being fully aware and present in the moment To just notice and observe Broadening and focusing awareness © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 32
33.
“We can
get so caught up in activity, that we can get busy DOING and forget who is DOING the DOING.” Kabat-Zinn (2013) Life can become a long ‘to do list’ of tasks when connection, meaning and BEING are lost There is little time for stillness in the modern world and therefore we can experience a lack of comfort and familiarity with stillness Feelings of repetition can mean that we aren’t making space for BEING. It can feel that there just isn’t enough richness in our lives if we forget about the importance of BEING and meaning © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 33
34.
Take a
step back to appreciate the uniqueness of practice… How do you use your skills in a unique way with every client/user of services? What is the unique experience and interactions with each client/user of services? What did you learn or appreciate about that encounter? Appreciating the uniqueness of each moment… there is no moment like any other moment… © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 34
35.
Benchmarking and
policy ignore the emotional labour involved in practice. Procedure driven practice focuses students and practitioners on DOING social work with the BEING removed. The currency of DOING over BEING is a significant challenge for social work and its values. Psychosocial & Relationship Based Practice offers us a powerful anti-dote to deprofessionalisation and deskilling of social work and social workers. Psychosocial & Relationship based Practice enables us to reconnect with our users of services in powerful and life transforming ways, and to make a deep and genuine positive impact in other people’s lives. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 35
36.
We can
become mindful of what we see and experience Increase & enhance attention and attentiveness Increase awareness (Eg. of emotions and this allows us not to be pulled around by our emotions) Combat stress Prevent burnout © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 36
37.
Body Scan Exercise
38.
Claudia Megele
Twitter: @ClaudiaMegele Academia.edu: http://mdx.academia.edu/ClaudiaMegele Psychosocial & Relationship Based Practice is available at: www.booksect.co.uk www.barnesandnoble.com www.amazon.co.uk www.criticalpublishing.com © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 38
39.
Allen, J. Bleiberg,
E. & Haslam-Hopwood,T. (2013) Understanding Mentalising.The MenningerClinic Bateman,A. & Fonagy, P. (2006) Mentalization BasedTreatment – a practical guide. OUP:Oxford. Baron-Cohen, S. (1997) Mindblindness: Essay on Autism and theTheory of Mind. MIT Press. Kabat-Zinn, J. (2013)The Mind's Own Physician. New Harbinger Publications. Megele, C. (2015) Psychosocial and Relationship – based practice.Critical Publishing. Wiseman,T. (2008) ‘A concept analysis of empathy’ Journal of Advanced NursingJournal.Vol. 23. No. 6 pp. 1162-1167. © Claudia Megele Emotional Labour, Mentalising, Empathy & Mindfulness 39