A report on energy use and associated CO2 emissions in residential households in Vietnam. Based on a Cimigo nationwide online survey in March 2013 of 1,400 households. The report exploring residential dwellings and energy use by household and the impact of household composition, appliances and building materials. The report addresses the prevalence of conservation and attitudes to renewable energy.

1. Vietnam Residential
Energy Use
Energy use and associated CO2
emissions in residential
households in Vietnam
Cimigo Sustainable Futures Asia
Richard Burrage Matt Parkes
richardburrage@cimigo.com matt.parkes@sustainablefutures.asia
www.cimigo.com www.sustainablefutures.asia
March 2013

2. Contents
 About the authors 3
 Why does residential energy use matter? 6
 How did we understand energy use and CO2 emissions in Vietnamese homes? 11
 How does residential energy use vary? 17
 What impact do building materials have today? 30
 Which energy conservation actions and attitudes prevail? 34
 So what? 39
 About Sustainable Futures Asia 44
 About Cimigo 48
2

3. About the authors
3

4. Matt Parkes, Sustainable Futures Asia
 Matt is the founder of Sustainable Futures Asia.
He is a UK qualified Architect with an MSc in
Climate Change and Sustainable Development.
 Matt is involved with the UK Urban Development
Working Group, working with the UKTI and British
Council in promoting business and educational
links between the UK and Vietnam. In March
2010 he was responsible for producing the British
Council / UKTI’s ‘Sustainable Design &
Architecture Conference’ that was held in Ho Chi
Minh City.
 He is now leading a PhD research project with The
Institute of Energy and Sustainable Development
at De Montfort University, UK, looking at
developing new models of low cost, energy self-
sufficient, sustainable housing for south east Asian
countries, focusing on Vietnam.
 Matt moved to Vietnam in 2004, and prior to that
has lived and worked in the UK and Hong Kong.
4

5. Richard Burrage, Cimigo
 Richard Burrage has twenty one years
of experience in market research and
strategic consulting.
 Richard has worked across Asia
Pacific consulting across a range of
industries and business issues.
 Richard has spent the last sixteen
years in Vietnam assisting in the
development and building of
numerous brands to achieve
leadership positions.
 Richard is a UK national and resides
in HCMC with his Vietnamese wife
and their children.
 Richard founded Cimigo in 2003 and
today has offices across eight
countries in Asia.
5

6. Why does residential
energy use matter?
6

7. Increased energy demand – 800 Twh in 2030
Population (Million) Total mtCO2e (Million) 800
140,000 700
Base Demand TWh
120,000 600
100,000 500
80,000 400
60,000 300
40,000 200
20,000 100
0
0
1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
Historic and Future Energy Demand - 1990 to 2030
Vietnam population and CO2 emission yearly growth
(Historic data – Tuyen & Michaelowa, 2004;
(Population data - ADB, 2009; mt/CO2/capita – UNdata, 2009)
Future projections – Cuong, 2011)
7

8. 37% is residential. US$124 billon investment required.
Coal Gas Oil Hydro The estimated total investment
Nuclear Diesel Renewables Imports capital required up to 2030 =
US$123.8 Billion
80 (MONRE, 2011)
70 Industry Residential
Other Buildings Urban Infrastructure
Others
60
2%
4%
50
% Contribution
40 20%
37%
30
20
10
37%
0
1995 2000 2010 2020 2030
Energy use by type
Historic and Future % Fuel Contribution to Energy Generation - 1995 to 2030 (Energy Conservation Centre of HCMC: 2010)
(Historic data – Tuyen & Michaelowa, 2004; Future projections – Cuong, 2011)
8

9. Which levers can be used to adjust energy use?
• Consumer habits.
• Extent of use of passive
architecture.
• Use of high efficiency
energy generation and
management systems.
9

10. Residential dwellings in Vietnam
Villas Row Houses Apartments
10

11. How did we understand
energy use and CO2 emissions
in Vietnamese homes?
11

12. Cimigo interviewed 1,394 households nationwide
 This is a part of the Cimigo giving back programme which includes; Vietnamese
Attitudes to Philanthropy, Vietnam’s NetCitizens and so much more, available at
www.cimigo.com.
 Cimigo conducted a nationwide online survey in March 2013.
Survey evaluation (N=1,394)
86% positive towards the survey (scored 6-10)
0 11 3 10 9 19 23 17 16
Extremely Boring 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Extremely Interesting
0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%
12

13. Understanding dwellings and households therein
 Interviewing predominantly Household energy survey - sample distribution % (n=1394)
urban (87%) and ABC South 54%
economic (93%) households
Region
across 59 provinces. North 36%
Central 10%
 ABC economic Row house 69%
households account for
Dwelling
Apartment
the top 65% of 29%
household wealth Villa house 2%
distribution.
Own or rent
Own 78%
Rent
 The mean average 22%
households sharing a # of Hholds/dwelling 1 household 52%
dwelling is 2.3.
2 - 3 households 28%
Mean 2.3 Hholds
4+ households 20%
13

14. Exploring single household size and structure
Household size and materials % (n=1394)
 Understanding the building
100 or less 57%
materials of the dwelling.
Sq m /
Hhold
101 - 250 30% Mean 136 sqm
More than 250 13%
1 floor 30%
# of floors
 Note the average row house 2 floors 31%
Mean 2.3 floors
dwelling is; 3+ floors 39%
1 - 3 rooms 32%
 Width mode 4 metres
# of rooms
Mean 4.7 rooms
4 - 5 rooms 37%
 Depth mode 20 metres 6 - 7 rooms
8+ rooms
20%
12%
 Floors mode 2 Corrugated iron 43%
Roof materials
Cement 42%
 Mean Sq metres 210 Tiles 12%
Other 3%
Wood 1%
 The mean average Brickwork
Floor materials Wall materials
67%
apartment dwelling is 60 sq Cement 29%
Steel 2%
metres on a single level. Wood 1%
Ceramic tiles tile 83%
Cement 10%
Wood 5%
Other 1%
14

15. Per household space and key appliances
Household size and appliances % (n=1394)
 As dwellings are typically
Sq m / Hhold
100 or less 57%
shared the mean average size
101 - 250 30%
of one household is: Mean 136 sqm
More than 250 13%
1 - 3 people 35%
# of people /
 Row house is 167 sqm.
Hhold
4 people 30%
Mean 4.2 people
 Apartment 50 sqm. 5+ people 34%
# of electrical
< 20 items 88%
appliances
20 - 40 items 11%
 The survey drilled down to
Ventilation open to air 79%
one household, their No aircon 52%
appliances and energy use.
Air-con
1 aircon 28%
2 or more aircon 20%
Penetration of appliances PC, Laptop Tablet 91%
Washing machine 72%
Electric water heater 51%
Ceiling fan 45%
Solar water heater 10%
Electric bicycle 8%
15

16. Household durable penetration
Household durable penetration (n=1394)
100 94 94 3.00
91 91 89 Incidence %
90 87 86
Mean (inc. 0)
2.51 2.50
80 2.39
72
70 67
2.05 2.00
60
1.64 51
48
50 45 1.50
40 37
1.16
.97 .95 1.00
30 23
.74 .78 .78 .74
20 .66
10 .50
.38 8 7
10 4
.23 .11 .09 .08 .04
0 .00
16

17. How does residential
energy use vary?
17

18. Electricity bill is 11% of household expenditure
Monthly electricity and household expenditure VND (n=1394)
Mean monthly VND electricity bill / household Mean other household VND expenditure / month
Electricity % of household expenditure
6,000,000 606,142 624,562 12%
565,758 11% 11%
529,284
5,000,000
11% 461,777 11%
379,511
4,000,000 11%
11%
4,875,118
3,000,000
4,728,298
4,577,512
4,447,336
4,129,043
10% 10%
3,443,589
10%
2,000,000
10%
1,000,000
- 9%
Total Apartment Row house North Central South
18

19. 2.15 t-CO2 / household / annum
Variance in CO2 emmissions by household % (n=1,394)
t-CO2 / household / annum
t-CO2 / person in Hhold / annum
2.50 2.33
2.15
2.03
2.00
1.55
1.50
1.00
0.56 0.61
0.52
0.50 0.41
-
Total South North Central
19

20. 3,722 KWH / household / annum
Variance in electricity use by household % (n=1,394)
4,500
4,042
4,000 3,722 kWh/ household / annum
3,530
kWh / person in Hhold / annum
3,500
3,000
2,689
2,500
2,000
1,500
971 1,063
905
1,000 717
500
-
Total South North Central
20

21. Factors to interrogate
Total Total Roof materials Corrugated iron
Dwelling Apartment Roof materials Cement
Dwelling Row house Roof materials Tiles
Dwelling Villa house Wall materials Cement
Region North Wall materials Brickwork
Region Central Floor finish Ceramic tiles
Region South Floor finish Cement
Strata City Exposed ventilation Yes
Strata Rural Exposed ventilation No
SEC AB # of electronic appliances <20
SEC C # of electronic appliances 20-40
Ownership Rent Electric heated water Washing clothes
Ownership Own Electric heated water Washing in kitchen
Household per dwelling Only 1 Electric heated water Washing in bathroom
Household per dwelling 2 to 3 Cooking with electric Cooking with Electric
Household per dwelling 4 or more Ceiling fans Ceiling fans
People in household 3 or less Aircon No Aircon
People in household 4 Aircon 1 Aircon
People in household 5 or more Aircon 2 or more Aircon
Sq meter of each household 100 or less Electric usage Electric water heater
Sq meter of each household 101-250 Electric usage Solar water heater
Sq meter of each household More than 250 Electric usage PC, laptop or tablet
Floors 1 Floor Electric usage Electric heated water machine
Floors 2 Floors Electric usage Electric bicycle
Floors 3+ Floors Water source Tap
Number of rooms 1-3 rooms Water source Tap & Well
Number of rooms 4-5 rooms Water source Well only
Number of rooms 6-7 rooms
Number of rooms 8 or more
21

22. Most efficient have shared dwellings and large households
 Less living space per person provides more energy efficiency. Electricity efficiency is greatest
in dwellings that have:
 Multiple households (and hence shared recourses)
 Large household sizes (4 plus)
 Yet demographic trends to less households/dwelling and less people per household.
 Rural households and households relying on well water are more efficient.
 Yet demographic trends are to urbanisation.
 Natural climate sees reduced use in Central followed by the North. Usage is highest in the
South.
 Smaller structures are more efficient. Apartments followed by row houses with fewer rooms
(and floors) use less.
 Renters are more efficient than home owners.
22

23. Least efficient have small households and air con
 Small households with three or less members are particularly inefficient users.
 Air conditioning has a massive impact on energy use.
 Inefficient households have larger homes (250 sqm +), 3 or more floors, many
rooms and multiple air conditioners.
 Cooking with electricity and electric water heaters also increase use significantly.
 Solar water heaters have low penetration at 10%. However 3 in 10 households
with a solar water heater also have an electric heater.
23

24. Rural dwellings, in central Vietnam with no air con fair best
Factors which lower electricity use by 8% or more of average (All dwellings n=1,394)
People in Household per People in Number of
Strata Water source Region Aircon household dwelling Floor finish Ownership Dwelling household rooms
Apartment
1-3 rooms
No Aircon
5 or more
4 or more
Well only
Cement
Central
Rural
Rent
4
30%
22%
20%
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
10% kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
-7%
0%
-5%
-9% -8%
-10% -15%
-15% -9%
-20% -15% -17% -15%
-26% -19% -19% -19%
-25%
-30% -31% -23%
-29% -28% -27%
-35%
-40%
24

25. Many rooms, many air cons and small households fair worst
Factors which increase electricity use by 8% or more of average (All dwellings n=1,394)
Sq meter of
each Cooking with # of electronic People in Number of
Electric usage household Region Aircon Electric usage Floors electric appliances household Aircon rooms
Cooking with Electric
Electric water heater
Solar water heater
2 or more Aircon
More than 250
8 or more
3+ Floors
1 Aircon
3 or less
20-40
South
60%
52% 53% 52%
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
50%
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
40% 35% 35%
25% 25% 26%
30% 26%
23% 18%
20% 14%
11% 11% 14%
9% 9% 9%
8% 12%
10% 5%
0%
-10%
-20% -18%
25

26. Row houses: Renters, with large households and no air con
fair well
Factors which lower electricity use by 8% or more of average (Row houses n=961)
People in Household per Number of People in
Strata Region Water source Ownership household Aircon dwelling rooms household Region
4-5 rooms
No Aircon
5 or more
4 or more
Well only
Central
North
Rural
Rent
4
20%
17%
10% kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
0%
-9% -7% -5%
-5%
-10%
-9% -9% -8%
-19%
-20% -17%
-22%
-28% -21% -21% -23%
-30% -32% -25%
-30% -30%
-34%
-40%
26

27. Row houses: small households and air con fair badly
Factors which increase electricity use by 8% or more of average (Row houses n=961)
# of electronic
Region Floors Electric usage Cooking with electric appliances Number of rooms Aircon People in household
Cooking with Electric
Solar water heater
2 or more Aircon
8 or more
3+ Floors
3 or less
20-40
South
50%
46% 44% 46%
40% kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0 35%
32% 33%
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
30%
23%
21%
20%
20% 16%
10% 13%
10%
9% 13%
8%
0%
-10%
-13%
-20%
27

28. Apartments: large households, no air con fair well
Factors which lower electricity use by 8% or more of average (Apartments n=410)
People in household Aircon Household per dwelling
No Aircon
5 or more
4 or more
40%
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
30% kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
20%
-4%
10%
0% 32%
-11%
-10%
-17% -18%
-20%
-16%
-30%
28

29. Apartments: with air con, electric cooking and small
households fair badly
Factors which increase electricity use by 8% or more of average (Apartments n=410)
Number of People in Electric heated Household per Cooking with
Region Water source Roof materials rooms Electric usage household water dwelling electric Aircon
Cooking with Electric
Electric water heater
Washing clothes
Corrugated iron
6-7 rooms
1 Aircon
3 or less
South
2 to 3
Tap
40%
32%
30% 27%
21% 18%
20% 16%
19% 14%
9% 10% 10% 18% 18%
8% 9%
10% 13% 14%
7% 8% 5%
0%
-10% kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
-20% kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average
base=0 -22%
-30%
29

30. What impact do building
materials have today?
30

31. Building materials today have limited influence
 For row houses the optimal material (amongst existing use) is cement for roof,
walls and flooring.
 For apartments the optimal materials (amongst existing use) are cement for roof,
and brick for walls.
31

32. Row houses: limited influence – cement most efficient
Building material impact (Row houses n=961)
Dwelling Roof materials
Corrugated iron Roof materials Roof materials Wall materials Wall materials Floor finish Floor finish
Ceramic tiles
Row house
Brickwork
Cement
Cement
Cement
Tiles
8%
6%
5% kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
4%
4% kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
2%
2% 1% 1% 1%
0%
0% -1%
0% -2%
-2% -1% -1%
-2%
-4%
-6%
-6%
-6%
-8%
-8%
-10%
32

33. Apartments: cement roof and brick walls fair well
Building material impact (Apartments n=410)
Dwelling Roof materials Roof materials Wall materials Wall materials Floor finish
Corrugated iron
Ceramic tiles
Apartment
Brickwork
Cement
Cement
12%
10%
10%
kWh / household / annum: index to average base=0
8%
kWh / person in Hhold / annum: index to average base=0
6% 5% 5%
4%
2%
4%
2%
0% 1% 0%
0%
0%
-3%
-2%
-2%
-4%
-6%
-5%
33

34. Which energy conservation
actions and attitudes
prevail?
34

35. Growing vegetables and compost actions
 Households that are rural, in Renewable actions % (n=1394)
the central region and use 0 20 40 60 80 100
well water are more likely to Total 47
40
exhibit renewable Apartment 42
Grow vegetables or herbs at home
35
behaviours in the home. 48
Use food and vegetable waste for
Row house composting or animal feed
42
North 48
45
 Even 1 in 3 inhabiting Central 66
57
apartments are active. 42
South 34
City 42
34
Rural 76
76
Rent 33
31
Own 51
43
Tap 41
35
Tap & Well 45
39
Well only 68
64
35

36. Recycling waste and rain water harvesting actions
 Recycling is common for 4 in Recycling actions % (n=1394)
10 households. 0 20 40 60 80 100
Total 45
22
 Households that are rural Apartment 23
47 Separate recyclable waste from
non-recyclable waste
and use well water are more Row house 21
44
Capture rain water and use it for
likely to harvest rain water. North 25
49 cooking, washing, flushing or
garden watering
Central 42
27
 Even 1 in 5 inhabiting South 18
43
apartments harvest rain City 45
18
water. 46
Rural 43
Rent 50
20
Own 44
22
Tap 45
18
Tap & Well 45
20
Well only 41
32
36

37. Strong comprehension of renewable energy benefits
 Nearly all are aware of 97% are aware of renewable energies
Perceived benefits of renewable energies % (n=1394)
renewable energy sources.
0 50 100
 Comprehension of Better for the environment 90
environmental impact and
potential energy bill savings They will reduce my energy bills 79
is high.
They are safer 54
They are better for my family's health 47
They are more reliable 21
They will save me time 17
I don't know 1
37

38. Barriers are design build, cost and knowledge
97% are aware of renewable energies
Reasons for not using % (n=1394)
0 20 40 60
My home was not designed for these types of … 44
They are expensive to buy 30
I don't know how 30
These energy sources are not popular in homes 27
I don’t have the time to organise this 23
These energy sources are not convenient 16
I rent my home and can not take action 16
I live in an apartment and con not take action 16
The weather is not right for this type of energy 8
I am not convinced they will save me money 6
I do not trust these energy sources 3
I don't know 2
They are not reliable sources of energy 2
I am not convinced they will help the environment 2
They are not safe sources of energy 2
38

39. So what?
39

40. Household energy efficiency will decline without action
1. The most energy efficient households have shared dwellings and large households. The least
efficient have small households and air conditioning.
2. The most energy efficient households which exist today are declining. They are a factor of a
low living space per person.
3. The desire to live in urban Vietnam, in single household dwellings, with less generations and
hence a shrinking household size, is not a new phenomena.
4. Increasing economic progress will only increase demands for energy sapping durables and
devices, straining available energy resources.
5. The building materials used to date have limited influence on household energy efficiency.
6. Consumers have a strong comprehension of renewable energy benefits. However the
barriers are design, build, cost and knowledge.
40

41. Design, build, access, incentive and education
1. More energy efficient design to reduce energy resources for cooling particularly.
2. More efficient building design and materials which enable dwellings to absorb,
retain, and release, at the appropriate times, radiate heat.
3. Residential access to and business incentives to provide renewable resources in
new built homes.
4. Residential access to and incentives to convert to more efficient cooling/heating.
Access encompasses availability and affordability (possibly financing).
5. Raising consumer knowledge and demonstrating household costs savings are both
critical.
41

42. What next…
1. A nationwide standard method of survey measurement and benchmarking needs
to be established.
2. Promote greater transparency and sharing of data, making it more readily available
to research institutions, corporate bodies and individuals who are looking to carry
out research that support the development aims for Vietnam.
3. Build an educational campaign to promote comprehension of and accessibility to
the 1. efficient use of existing energy, 2. conversion to more efficient energy
sources and 3. new design and build models.
4. Establish a new public/private sector project, aimed at developing energy efficient
housing models, against which future developments can be measured.
42

43. Download your copy
at www.cimigo.com
cimigo.com
The Voice of the Customer
43

44. About Sustainable Futures Asia
44

45. Professional ‘sustainability’ services
Sustainable Futures Asia (SFA) was established in 2011 to
provide professional sustainability services throughout the South
East Asia region.
SFA provide services in three key areas:
• Project Consulting – assisting governments and private
enterprise in reviewing existing, and developing new
economically sustainable business strategies.
• Architecture & Urbanism – providing sustainable design
solutions, either leading or as part of the client design team,
including VGBC Lotus accreditation services.
• Knowledge Creation – carrying out research in to
sustainability issues, and organising sustainability
conferences and other knowledge sharing events.
www.sustainablefutures.asia
45

46. Founding members
Matt Parkes RIBA
Matt is a UK registered architect who has
worked in Vietnam since 2004, having previously
lived and worked in the UK and Hong Kong.
With an MSc in Climate Change and Sustainable
Development, Matt is now undertaking PhD
research into new models of sustainable
housing here in Vietnam.
Dr Vu Thi Hong Hanh
Hanh is a Vietnamese registered architect
who has lived and worked in Vietnam,
Australia and the United Kingdom,
completing her MSc in Melbourne,
Australia and her PhD in Oxford, UK.
Hanh teaches at the Ho Chi Minh City
University of Architecture.
46

47. Recent clients include
Partner organisations
Khai Duong Joint
Stock Company
47

48. About Cimigo
48

49. Starting 10 years ago in Vietnam
we’ve expanded to...
India Hong Kong
IndonesiaVietnam
ChinaSingapore Philippines
We now have the privilege of representing
3 billion customers
49

50. From seven
main cities
in Vietnam…
50

51. Cimigo’s extensive set of resources and expertise...
5 Call Centres
130 Full-time staff Online Panels
45 Consultants Face-to-face
12 Qualitative Specialists 650 Fieldworkers
…put the consumer into the boardroom to deliver
consumer-rooted growth
51

52. Cimigo delivers a full range of services to ensure your
business remains connected to your consumers
1. Consulting Services
Motivational research Market tracking
Market scoping and segmentation Product optimisation
Concept testing Brand equity
New product development Touch point management
Brand positioning Customer loyalty
2. Research Services
Ethnography Telephone interviewing
Accompanied shopping Street intercepts
In-depth interviewing Mystery shopping
Focus groups On line surveys
Vox pops Social media tracking
52

53. Cimigo for Brand Value
And for stronger consumer engagement &
intelligence.
www.facebook.com/CimigoVietnam
www.linkedin.com/company/cimigo
@cimigovietnam
53

54. Thank You
Cimigo Sustainable Futures Asia
Richard Burrage Matt Parkes
richardburrage@cimigo.com matt.parkes@sustainablefutures.asia
www.cimigo.com www.sustainablefutures.asia
March 2013