This document outlines different types of surgeries based on urgency and provides examples: optional/cosmetic, elective, required, urgent/imperative, and emergency. It also describes the three phases of surgery - preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative. Finally, it discusses different types of anesthesia - general anesthesia which induces unconsciousness, regional anesthesia where the patient remains awake, spinal anesthesia which blocks the lower body, and conduction blocks which affect specific nerve groups.