8. POSITIVE ION/ CATION
They are also called cations
They have positive charge
They are formed by the removal of electron
They may carry +1, +2, +3 charge depending upon the number of
electrons lost by the atom
9. Cation Formation Is An Endothermic
Reaction
ENDOTHERMIC REACTION
The reactions in which energy is required are called endothermic
reactions.
Energy is required to remove the electron from the atom because
electron is bonded to nucleus of an atom
ΔH= +496 KJ/mol
Hence, cation formation is an endothermic reaction
10. Cation formation is an
Oxidation Reaction
Oxidation means removal of electron
Hence, it is called oxidation reaction
11.
12. Why Cation is smaller than parent atom?
A neutral atom has same number of protons and electrons
Cation is formed by the removal of electron, number of electrons
decreases
Number of proton remains same
Nuclear charge increases on the valance shell electrons
Hence, When we remove the electron from the atom, size of atom
decreases
15. NEGITIVE ION/ ANION
They are also called Anions
They have negative charge
They are formed by the addition of electron
They may carry -1, -2, -3 charge depending upon the number of
electrons gain by the atom
16. Anion Formation Is An Exothermic
Reaction
EXOTHERMIC REACTION
The reactions in which energy is released are called exothermic
reactions.
Energy is released when we add the electron to the atom because
electron is attracted to nucleus of an atom
ΔH= -349 KJ/mol
Hence, anion formation is an exothermic reaction
17. Anion formation is an
Reduction Reaction
Redution means addition of electron
Hence, it is called reduction reaction
18. Why Anion is larger than parent atom?
A neutral atom has same number of protons and electrons
Anion is formed by the addition of electron, number of electrons
increases
Number of proton remains same
Nuclear charge decreases on the valance shell electrons
Hence, When we add the electron to the atom, size of atom increases
20. Formation of Di-negative ion is an
endothermic process.
• A uni-negative atom, already has one excess electron in its valence
shell, which is providing it its negetive charge
• Now when, another electron is added to the valence shell, it faces
repulsion from this already present electron, and thus, some energy is
required to add this electron
21. WHY CATION IS SMALLER
THAN ANION?
OR
WHY ANION IS LARGER
THAN CATION?
22. • Cation is formed by the removal of electron, while anion is formed by
the addition of electron
• Removal of electron from the atom decreases the size because the
nuclear charge increases
186pm 95pm
• Addition of electron to atom increases size because the nuclear charge
decreases
99pm 181pm
Hence, cation is smaller than anion
23. Difference b/w metals and non-metals
METALS
• These form cation
• These lose their electron easily
• These have low ionization energy
NON-METALS
• These form anion
• These gain electron
• These have high electron affinity
24. What are polyatomic ions ?
These are the positive or negative ions which consist of group of
atoms
Positive polyatomic ions
NH+
4 and carbocations in organic chemistry
Negative polyatomic ions
OH-, C2O-2
3, SO4
-2 ,Cr2O7
-2