1. Care Group Innovations
Carolyn Kruger
Senior Advisor, Maternal, Newborn and Child Health, PCI
Jennifer Weiss
Health Advisor, Concern Worldwide
Mary DeCoster
Coordinator for SBC Programs, FH/TOPS
Melanie Morrow
Director of MCH Programs, World Relief
Tom Davis
Chief Program Officer, FH &
Senior Specialist for SBC, TOPS Project
2. Objectives
• Hear several presentations on ways in which
the Care Group model is being modified and
tested by multiple PVOs.
• Hear an update on multi-sectoral peer
education models which are similar to Care
Groups.
• Generate operations research questions that
can be used to further advance the model.
3. What are Care Groups?
• Developed by Dr. Pieter Ernst with
World Relief/ Mozambique, and
championed by FH and WR for the
past decade.
• Care Group Criteria document is
available here:
www.caregroupinfo.org/blog/crite
ria
• A community-based strategy for
improving coverage and behavior
change
• Different from typical mothers groups:
Each volunteer is chosen by her peers,
and is responsible for regularly visiting
10-15 of her neighbors.
5. Time Contribution (in hours) of
CG Volunteers and Other Project Staff
October 2005 – September 2010
Hours Dedicated to FH/Mozambique Care Group Project
Sofala Province, Mozambique (Oct '05 - Sept '10)
7,067, 0.2%
61,659, 2%
401,824, 14%
2,453,726, 84%
Volunteers
Promoters
FH/Moz Local Manag.
FH/US staff
Community driven …
84% of the work was done by Care Group Volunteers, and
98% by community members (CGVs + paid local CHWs).
Total value of volunteer time (@$2.98/8hrs) = $904,811
Promoters
(CHWs)
6. International Aid
International Medical
Corps
International Rescue
Committee
Medical Teams
International
Pathfinder
PLAN
Salvation Army World
Service
Save the Children
World Relief
World Vision
ACDI/VOCA
ADRA
Africare
American Red Cross
CARE
Concern Worldwide
Catholic Relief
Services
Curamericas
Emmanuel
International
Food for the Hungry
Future Generations
GOAL
Bangladesh
Bolivia
Burkina Faso
Burundi
Cambodia
DRC
Ethiopia
Guatemala
Haiti
Indonesia
Kenya
Liberia
Malawi
Mozambique
Niger
Peru
Philippines
Rwanda
Sierra Leone
Zambia
Who is using Care Groups and where
are they being used?
7. TOPS Survey on
Care Groups Usage
• Recent TOPS survey (95% response rate): 65% of Food
Security project implementers are aware of the CG model or
with some of the resources associated with it.
• Most common ways that people learn about the model are
by working with someone who has used them (67%),
training events (50%), the CareGroupInfo.org website (42%)
using the manual on their own (42%), or a combination of
methods.
• 100% of respondents who knew of the CG model said that
they had used the model; 64% said they were very effective
and 27% said they were somewhat effective.
• Becoming the “default model” for some organizations:
Having CHWs work with volunteer peer educators through
the CG structure … still a role for CHWs!
8. GHI: National Scale-up in
Burundi
• Burundi Global Health Initiative Strategy: One
goal is to “expand the USAID MCH program
currently implementing Care Group activities,
which focuses on providing high-quality
nutritional support to pregnant and lactating
women.”
• “USG aims for national adoption of this
strategy by GOB.”
9. Summary of Results
• CGs have on average double the estimated
U5MR reduction as compared to non-CG
projects.
• Better than average behavior change (54%
higher performance on RapidCATCH
indicators)
• Recent publication: 38% decrease in
moderate/severe underweight in Sofala
Province, Mozambique at $0.55 per capita.
10. Care Group Performance: Perc. Reduction in Child Death Rate (0-59m)
in Thirteen CSHGP Care Group Projects in Eight Countries
through Seven PVOs
23%
33%
48%
36%
42%
32%
28% 29%
14%
26%
12%
35%
30%
14%
33%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
ARC/Cam
bodiaW
R/VurIW
R/VurII
W
R/VurIVFH/Moz
W
R/Cam
bodia
W
R/M
alawi
W
R/M
alawiII
W
R/Rwanda
Curam
./Guat
Plan/Kenya
SAW
SO/Zam
bia
M
TI/Liberia
Avg.CareGrpProj.
Avg
CS
Proj.
CSHGP Project
%Red.U5MR
U5MR Red.
11. Care Groups Outperform in Behavior Change:
Indicator Gap Closure: Care Group Projects
vs. CSHGP Average
32
41
35
52
71
59
39
53
51
77
49
63
37
53
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
U
nderw
t
Birth
Spac
SBA
TT2
EBF
C
om
pFeed
AllVacs
M
easles
ITN
D
angerSigns
IncFluids
AID
SKnow
H
W
W
S
AllR
apid
Percent
RapidCATCH Indicator
Indicator Gap Closure on Rapid Catch Indicators:
Care Groups CSHGP Projects vs. All CSHGP Projects
All CSHGPs,
2003-2009 (n=58)
CSHGP using Care
Groups (2003-2010,
n=9)
Gap closure
range for Care
Group projects:
~35 – 70%
(Avg = 57%)
Gap closure
range in non-CG
projects ~25 –
45%
(Avg. = 37%)
13. Purpose of Innovations
• Purpose of good innovation in child survival: (1)
Increase cost-effectiveness … decrease dollars
per life saved; and (2) increase sustainability.
• Ideally, use randomization to compare area with
traditional CG model vs. modified model, and
measure each area separately.
• Usual first step: See if change is feasible, look for
apparent effectiveness. Later test head-to-head.
14. FH CG Innovations
• Given results in health/nutrition, FH will be using Cascade
Groups in many of our multisectoral programs worldwide.
Difference between Cascade and Care Groups:
Care Groups often (but not always) reach only parents of
children 0-23m/0-59m and pregnant women. Cascade
Groups will reach parents of children 0-18 years of age.
Care Groups (per the CG Criteria document) mainly focus
on promoting MCHN behaviors. Cascade Groups are
multi-sectoral, and focus on promoting health/nutrition,
livelihoods (including Ag/NRM), education, and disaster
risk reduction behaviors.
• FH is now using a model in Ag/NRM in the DRC called
Agricultural Cascade Education (ACE) which is based on
CGs but reaches farmers and mainly focuses on ANR topics.
15. Food for the Hungry
CG Innovations
Can we address
maternal depression
through Care
Groups?
16. Maternal Depression is Highly Linked
with Stunting in Children
• Surkan et al1 found a strong association between
maternal depression and underweight and stunting
in children.
• Incidence of depression in developing countries is
between 15-57%.
• Women suffer twice as much depression as men;
mothers are at even greater risk.
• Elimination of maternal depression could result in a
reduction in stunting of 29-34% (based on the PAR).
1 Pamela J Surkan, Caitlin E Kennedy, Kristen M Hurley & Maureen M Black. Maternal depression and early
childhood growth in developing countries: Systematic review and meta-analysis. Bulletin of the World
Health Organization 2011;89:608-615 http://www.who.int/bulletin/volumes/89/8/11-088187/en/
17. We can Decrease Maternal
Depression in Developing Countries
• World Vision and researchers (Bolton, Verdeli, et al) did RCTs of
Interpersonal Therapy in Groups (IPT-G) including:
depressed adults in South Uganda,
depressed adolescents in refugee camps in North Uganda (many
were child soldiers)
• IPT-G is used to address grief, devastating life changes, issues of respect
in family life
• Community workers – trained for 2 weeks to deliver the intervention
over 4 months
• After 16 weeks, depression decreased:
86% to 6.5% in the IPT-G intervention group – 92% reduction
94% to 55% in the control group. (Note: Some depression does resolve on
its own.)
Method Description: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1525093/
Study: http://jama.jamanetwork.com/data/Journals/JAMA/4884/JOC30288.pdf
18. FH’s CG Innovation for
Maternal Depression
Given the link with stunting -- FH plans to test ways to
prevent/treat depression through Care Groups
• We’ve used DBC/BA with Care Group projects to find out
how to motivate change in specific behaviors.
• Sometimes more generalized motivation is the problem –
low motivation due to depression, hopelessness, etc.
OR Question: Will addressing depression make a difference
in behavior change and outcomes in CG projects?
We welcome others to study this too, and encourage you to
share your results!
19. Ideas for testing IPT-G
with Care Groups
A) Option #1: Run IPT-G process through regular
Care Group structure, separate process for
depressed and non-depressed.
B) Option #2: Run IPT-G groups simultaneously with
Care Groups for prev/tx of depression (separate
staff running separate groups, with CGVs helping
to identify women who could benefit). Separate
process for depressed and non-depressed.
• Compare to controls.
• 2nd Comparison Group: Standard CGs.
• Outcome: Reduction in stunting and underweight,
depression in mothers, and others.
20. Measuring Changes
TOPS/ FSN Network Care Groups Implementation Manual (and
Trainings): See.. http://fsnnetwork.org/event/care-groups-
implementation-training
The manual includes a Care Group OR annex – here are the areas
that can be explored with that:
Process vs. plan
Care Group Volunteer motivation
Changes in depression and generalized self-efficacy in
volunteers and beneficiaries
Changes in Intimate Partner Violence
Changes in respect for women (volunteers and
beneficiaries)
21. Innovations
Presentations
• PCI / WR: Care Groups + Savings Groups
innovation
• PCI’s "Trios" Care Group innovation
• Concern Worldwide’s “Integrated” Care Group
innovation
• Q&A, 2-3 mins after each presentation
• Generating operations research questions (20-30
mins)
22. Operations Research
Questions
• Split into three groups
• Generate a list of the most interesting and important questions that
need to be answered regarding Care Groups.
• Consider questions about:
Effectiveness for specific purposes (e.g., reducing newborn
deaths, lowering IPV/GBV, increasing social capital, improving
disaster response) vs. other models
How they work (mechanisms –more trusted source of info?
Problem-solving / removing barriers? Decreasing
depression/improving generalized self-efficacy? Reducing fear (re:
HFs)?)
Effect of combining CGs w/something (e.g., w/savings groups;
w/empowerment groups).
Effect on CG Volunteers (e.g., in leadership skills/role; advocacy;
relationship with spouse)
• Report out
23. Acknowledgment
This presentation was made possible by the
generous support of the American people
through the United States Agency for
International Development (USAID). The
contents are the responsibility of Food for the
Hungry and do not necessarily reflect the views
of USAID or the United States Government.
Hinweis der Redaktion
1.5 minute video. (Connect speakers.)
This is the study that showed a 38% reduction in underweight. Several lessons learned about how and why Care Groups work were mentioned in this recently published article on the project in Sofala. I won’t go through those here, because I want you to read the paper. This journal is a great place for you to consider publishing your papers on your projects.
So I wanted to establish first that we are looking at innovations with a model that is already outperforming many of our more standard approaches (such as having CHWs work directly with mothers rather than through peer educators). But just because the model is performing well doesn’t mean that we should not continue to push the envelope. As we discuss innovations, you should be asking several questions: (1) Does the innovation lead to more cost-effective results in terms of lives saved? Usually that will mean that you will see better behavior change happening, as well, but there are other ways that they may be saving lives. (2) Secondly, does the innovation lead to better sustainability? That may be sustainability by having the MOH adopt the model, it may be sustainability by having CGVs continuing to do health promotion for years afterwards, or for the system to become part of some private system. We should not get stuck on one view of what sustainability will look like. There may be other things that you will measure, such as satisfaction with the model, but in the end, if you are having worse results in terms of cost-effectiveness or sustainability, it’s probably not something that we should be promoting.Also, as we innovate, we should be trying to do so with randomization and measurement. At the very least, I think we need to be trying out changes in the model in one set of districts and comparing it with the standard model used in another set of districts (i.e., a quasi-experimental design). And we need to measure our work in such a way that we can detect differences in results in those different areas, and also assure that we follow the protocols we have set out for how the work should differ in the two areas … for example, tracking attendance at Care Group meetings, tracking contact between CGVs and mothers (and/or fathers, grandmothers), and tracking quality of health promotion.Now not everything you will hear about today will meet these criteria. Often a first step is just to see if a change is feasible – such as working with mothers, spouses, and grandmothers – and to see if it appears to be at least as effective as the standard model in terms of results and sustainability. Later on, implementers can and should test it head-to-head with the standard model before promoting the change widely. I think we should be doing the same thing with testing Care Groups against more traditional CHW models where funding allows, as well, but from the data I have presented, I don’t know that that work is the most pressing.Mary DeCoster is the Coordinator of SBC Programs for FH and the TOPS Project, and she and I will now talk to you about some of FH’s plans to tweak the Care Group model, and other things we are doing in Food for the Hungry concerning Care Groups.
Other studies show compromised parenting behaviors linked with depression. “Our findings indicate that a reduction in the incidence of maternal depressive symptoms in developing countries would not only have a beneficial effect on mothers, but would also improve child growth substantially…”
IPT-G is short term therapy, focuses on improving symptoms and interpersonal functioning, and based on Interpersonal Psychotherapy (IPT) is a time-limited treatment that encourages the patient to regain control of mood and functioning typically lasting only 12–16 weeks. IPT is based on the common factors of psychotherapy: a "treatment alliance in which the therapist empathically engages the patient, helps the patient to feel understood, arouses affect, presents a clear rationale and treatment ritual, and yields success experiences."
Sometimes in Care Groups we see uptakes in new behaviors that haven’t been promoted yet – after a few successes, mothers feel an increase in hopefulness and “agency”. So sometimes we can see increases in adoption of family planning, antenatal care, or care seeking… before you even get to the point in the project where you are teaching that module. This is most likely due to this increase in generalized self-efficacy, decrease in depression, or some effect on overall motivation and will.
Option #1: Run IPT-G process through regular Care Group structure. Select depressed women reached by CGs in a couple of communities and use IPT-G with them over 4 months, replacing the CG teaching normally done with them during that period with this IPT-G intervention. Teach non-depressed mothers in same groups other coping and “learned optimism” skills. This would be similar to how FH has integrated PD/Hearth with Care Groups. Option #2: Run IPT-G groups simultaneously with Care Groups for prevention and treatment of depression(separate staff running separate groups, with CGVs helping to identify women who could benefit). Do a prevention of depression module with non-depressed mothers at the same time through the CGVs. With both options, we would identify mothers in control communities and measure changes in depression. Second comparison group could be all mothers in standard CGs.Expected Outcome: Reduction in stunting and underweight, depression in mothers, and others.
We’re working on a Care Groups implementation manual, with many of you from the FSN Network Care Groups Forward Interest Group, based on the manual developed by FH last year, in collaboration with World Relief. There’s an OR annex in there to help/encourage Care Groups implementers to do operations research
We will now hear about a range of other innovations to the Care Group model being tried out. First up, Carolyn Kruger from PCI and Melanie Morrow from World Relief will talk about combining savings groups with Care Groups.
