Presented by Rebecca McLain and Patrick Ranjatsonon on March 26, 2019 at World Bank 2019 Land and Poverty Conference, Washington, D.C.

1. cifor.org
blog.cifor.org
ForestsTreesAgroforestry.org
Tenure security and Forest Landscape
Restoration in Boeny, Madagascar
Rebecca McLain1, Patrick Ranjatson2, Jean Mananga3, Ny Tolotra
Razafimbelo 2, Renaud Randrianasolo,2 Steven Lawry
World Bank 2019 Land and Poverty Conference
Washington DC
CIFOR-ESSA-GIZ/Madagascar
(ProPFR)
1CIFOR
2ESSA-Forêts
3Lawyer (Consultant)

2. .
Madagascar’s engagement: 4 million
ha of FLR
BMZ : A World without Hunger
GIZ’s ProPFR project in Boeny region,
Madagascar
The context : From Bonn Challenge to ProPFR
Madagascar : towards FLR
Main assumption :
1) FLR enhanced;
2) IF tenure security on lands improved

3. CIFOR-ESSA’s mission : Action research, what?
1) What tenure models need to
be taken into account in order
to successfully implement
FLR?
2) How do tenure rights and
tenure security affect
motivations to invest in FLR ?
3) What reforms are needed to
encourage broader
participation in FLR
4) What is the relationship
between tenure, food security,
and FLR
Objective – Develop conceptual tools
that will enable improved
understanding of the links between
tenure and FLR investments

4. CIFOR-ESSA’s mission : Action research, how & when?
2 phases (Oct. 2018-Feb./March 2019)
• Participatory mapping
• Focus groups
• Key informant interviews
• Land administration statistics
• Visits to fields, pastures, forests
• Land use/modes of access to land
• Rights to land and trees
• Tenure conflicts
• Areas where people are already doing
restoration
• Motivations for investing in restoration
• Demand for and importance of land certificate

5. CIFOR-ESSA’s mission : Action research, where?
ProPFR pilot sites
Katsepy
Mariarano
Ambalakida
Ankijabe
• Two contrasting sites in:
o Population density
o Social homogeneity
o Land use patterns
o Demand for land
o Access to infrastructure

6. - The marshland in Mariarano
- The cahier telo in Ankijabe
- Blending customs and statutory laws
6

7. The large « Alam-bondro »
in Mariarano (more than
100ha marshland with
bulrushes dominating) :
In the recent past, common
pool resource (fishing,
bulrush harvesting, etc.)
7
Case study 1 : Marshland in Mariarano
The alam-bondro (marshland), from common pool resource to individual
paddy land

8. - Successive individual
requests to cultivate
- Since 2005,
community’s written
approval,
- signed by the
President of the
fokontany AND
with the red
stamp;
- Allowing users to
claim individual
land certificate
- Tenure conflict leading
to the Fokonolona
decision to forbid
landsales: 2019
8
Case study 1 : Marshland in Mariarano (cont.)
Individual stakes, community decision and fokontany involvement

9. Notice to
the chef
secteur and
fokontany
Consultation
with sojabe
and adjacent
owners
Create the
cahier telo
Signatures
of : Mayor,
owner, and
elders,
including
the
President of
fokontany
The cahier telo is practiced in both Mariarano and Ankijabe
9
The “cahier telo”(three notebooks) system

10. Information about the land:
- Type of land:…
- Area:…
- Adjacent landowners ( 4
cardinal points) and their
signatures
 North:…
 South:…
 West:…
 East:…
- Landowner’s signature
- Signatures of the witnesses
(elders) Raiamandreny
(Sojabe)
10
The “cahier telo”(three notebooks) system (cont.)

11. Local legitimacy appears everywhere:
- Community approval by the fokonolona
via various social channels (elders,
fokontany, Commune, etc.)
- Local spatial location principles (avaratra,
atsimo, andrefana, atsinanana vs North,
South, East, West)
The local tenure security models are a
blend of statutory and customary rights:
- Actors include local governments too;
- Proceedures are inspired by statutory
ones;
- Tools involved are « petits papiers » and
red stamps etc.;
Models with local community legitimacy
11
KEY MESSAGES 1 & 2

12. The unequal and incomplete link between FLR and
tenure security
« Local » land sales
Conflict resolution
Conflict prevention
Prestige
Real pathway linking FLR and TS
ProPFR pathway linking FLR and TS
• Land interests and motivations are complex,
FLR isn’t a priority; rather ultimate goals are:
– Economic : land speculation
– Social-political : resolution/prevention of land
conflicts
– Strategic-political : prestige
Tenure SecurityFLR

13. • A Responsible Land Policy must
recognize legitimate social rights TOO,
beyond/instead of recognizing ONLY
environmental and economic benefits:
- Customs and statutory institutions do not
work separately;
- Nor is 100% recognition of customary
institutions good for resource
sustainability;
- BUT the solution is a flexible enough
statutory framework allowing for local
adaptation, that will enable
environmental, social and economic
sustainability
Models with local community legitimacy
13
KEY MESSAGE 3

14. • Raphia stands used to be common
pool resources (fish, fibers, raphia
fruits, housing materials, pasture,
water etc);
• But, attempts to expropriate by
individuals are occurring;
• Community claims its rights for
fishing/harvesting/grazing;
• Commune reaction: promise to
include the raphia stands as a
common pool resource:
• Implementation of this measure
would mean 1) compliance with
both the laws and local practices,
and 2) enhancement of
biodiversity
14
Saving the raphia stands : recognizing it as a common
resource in the communal management plan

15. • More empirical data, more grounded theory on
hidden interests of restoration, esp. food security, social rights:
• Conceptualization of the FOKONOLONA, as the comunity, in
order to establish its legal status ;
• Increasing awareness among the different actors at different
scales for a more inclusive land policy
Further steps for research and policy
improvement

16. MISAOTRA NAHARITRA
NIHAINO Ô! 16