36. Plant Cell Types
(Support and Storage)
Parenchyma cells are the
most numerous type of cell in
young plants.
37. Mature parenchyma cells
have primary walls that are
relatively thin and flexible,
and most lack secondary
walls.
38. Most parenchyma cells retain
the ability to divide and
differentiate into other types
of plant cells under particular
conditions—during wound
repair, for example.
39. Parenchyma cells perform
most of the metabolic
functions of the plant,
synthesizing and storing
various organic products.
40. Collenchyma cells help
support young parts of the
plant shoot. Collenchyma
cells are generally elongated
cells that have thicker
primary walls than paren-
chyma cells.
41. Young stems and petioles
often have strands of
collenchyma cells just below
their epidermis. Collenchyma
cells provide flexible support
without restraining growth.
42. At maturity, these cells are
living and flexible, elongating
with the stems and leaves
they support—unlike
sclerenchyma cells, which we
discuss next.
44. The secondary walls of
sclerenchyma cells are thick
and contain large amounts
of lignin. This relatively
indigestible strengthening
the dry mass of wood.
46. Sclerenchyma cells are so
specialized for support that
many are dead at functional
maturity, The rigid walls
remain as a “skeleton” that
supports the plant
47. Two types of sclerenchyma
cells, known as sclereids
and fibers, are specialized
entirely for support and
strengthening.
82. Rhizomes. A horizontal shoot
that grows just below the
surface. Vertical shoots
emerge from axillary buds on
the rhizome.
83. Some stems have specialized functions in
addition to support and conduction
84. Bulbs are vertical under-
ground shoots consisting
mostly of the enlarged bases
of leaves that store food. The
modified leaves attached to
the short stem.
85.
86. Stolon's are horizontal
shoots that grow along the
surface. These “runners”
enable a plant to reproduce
asexually, as plantlets form
at nodes along each runner.
87.
88.
89. Tubers, such as these
potatoes, are enlarged ends
of rhizomes or stolons spe-
cialized for storing food. The
“eyes” of a potato are
clusters of axillary buds that
mark the nodes.
90.
91. Some stems have specialized functions in
addition to support and conduction
93. Leaves
The leaf is the main
photosynthetic organ,
although green stems also
perform photosynthesis.
94. Leaves
Leaves vary extensively in
form but generally consist of
a flattened blade and a stalk,
the petiole, which joins the
leaf to the stem at a node.
100. The tendrils by which this pea
plant clings to a support are
modified leaves. After it has
“lassoed” a support, a tendril
forms a coil that brings the
plant closer to the support.
101.
102. The spines of cacti, such as
this prickly pear, are actually
leaves; photosynthesis is
carried out by the fleshy
green stems.
106. Reproductive leaves. The
leaves of some succulents,
such as Kalanchoe, produce
adventitious plantlets, which
fall off the leaf and take root
in the soil.
116. Some leaves have specialized functions
addition to photosynthesis and transmis
117. FLOWERS
The life cycles of plants are
characterized by an
alternation of generations, in
which multicellular haploid (n)
and diploid (2n).
118. The diploid plant, the
sporophyte, produces haploid
spores by meiosis. These
spores divide by mitosis,
giving rise to the multicellular
gametophytes.
119. Flowers, the reproductive
shoots of angiosperm
sporophytes, are typically
composed of four whorls of
modified leaves called floral
organs.
123. Sepals, which enclose and
protect unopened floral
buds, are usually more
leafy in appearance than
the other floral organs.
124. Petals are typically more
brightly colored than sepals
and advertise the flower to
insects and other
pollinators.
125. A stamen consists of a stalk
called the filament and a
terminal structure called the
anther; within the anther are
chambers called microspo-
rangia (pollen sacs) that
produce pollen.
126. A carpel has an ovary at its
base and a long, slender
neck called the style. At the
top of the style is a generally
sticky structure called the
stigma that captures pollen.
127. Within the ovary are one or
more ovules; the number of
ovules depends on the
species.
128.
129. Complete flowers have all
four basic floral organs.
Some species have
incomplete flowers, lack- ing
sepals, petals, stamens, or
carpels.
131. The flowers of wind-
pollinated species are often
small, green, and
inconspicuous, and they pro-
duce neither nectar nor
scent.
Abiotic Pollination by Wind
133. Bees are attracted to bright
colors, primarily yellow and
blue. Red appears dull to
them, but they can see
ultraviolet radiation.
Pollination by Bees
134. Bees are attracted to bright
colors, primarily yellow and
blue. Red appears dull to
them, but they can see
ultraviolet radiation.
Pollination by Bees
135. Moths and butterflies detect
odors, and the flowers they
pollinate are often sweetly
fragrant.
Pollination by Butterfly
and Moth
136. Butterflies perceive many
bright colors, but moths
pollinated flowers are usually
white or yellow.
Pollination by Butterfly
and Moth
138. Pollination by Flies
Blowflies visiting carrion
flowers (Stapelia species)
mistake the flower for a
rotting corpse and lay their
eggs on it.
139. The blowflies become dusted
with pollen that they carry to
other flowers. When the eggs
hatch, the larvae find no
carrion to eat and therefore
die.
154. Epicotyl – will become
shoot (leaves and stems) via
plumule; grows above plant
axis
155. Hypocotyl – connection
between cotyledon (seed
leaf) and radicle (baby root);
grows below plant axis
156. the bud of the
ascending
axis ofha plant
while still in
the embryo
157. Seed Germination
The process in which the
embryonic plant contained
within the seed grows.
The first to emerge is the
hypocotyl, then the epicotyl.
158. Seed Germination
The process in which the
embryonic plant contained
within the seed grows.
The first to emerge is the
hypocotyl, then the epicotyl.
159. Seed Germination
The process in which the
embryonic plant contained
within the seed grows.
The first to emerge is the
hypocotyl, then the epicotyl.
161. Water - causes seeds to
swell and break open; when
H2O enters, it activates
enzyme and the food is
broken down to useful
chemicals for the new plant
162.
163.
164. Oxygen – for cellular
metabolism; when the seed
breaks open, gas exchange
can occur
165. Temperature – each plant
species has a temperature
range within which the seeds
will germinate
166. As the seedling emerges
from the seed coat sending
out roots and leaves, the
stored food is exhausted
(used up).
167.
168. Seed Germination
When these factors (water,
oxygen, temperature) are
met, the seed could
germinate into a
new plant.