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Financial Ratio & Formulas
Activity Ratios:
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
365
𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑑
𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊
𝐷𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 =
365
𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
356
𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 =
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙
Liquidity Ratio:
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 =
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 =
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑊 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑊𝑐𝑙𝑒 = (
𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑊 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
) + (
𝐷𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊
𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑
) − (
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑊𝑠
𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒
)
Solvency Ratios:
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 =
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐞𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠
𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐞𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Profitability Ratios
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 =
𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 =
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑂𝑅
𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 =
𝐞𝐵𝑇
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑅𝑂𝐎) =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑅𝑂𝐎) =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 + 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 =
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑂𝑅
𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 =
𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
=
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
Free Cash Flow to Firm:
𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 + 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 + [𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 × (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)]
− 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 + [𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 × (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)]
− 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
Free Cash Flow from Equity:
𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐞 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 − 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 =
𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 =
𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐮𝐏𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧: 𝑅𝑂𝐞 = (
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡
𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛
) (
𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡
𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟
) (
𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜
)
𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐃𝐮𝐏𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧:
𝑅𝑂𝐞 = (
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝐞𝐵𝑇
) (
𝐞𝐵𝑇
𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇
) (
𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
) (
𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
) (
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
)
𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝐞𝑃𝐹 =
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔
𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐞𝑃𝑆 =
(
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
) + (
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑
𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑
) + (
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡
) (1 − 𝑡)
(
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
) + (
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑝𝑓𝑑. 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
) + (
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓
𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
) + (
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚
𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
)
Coefficients of Variation:
𝐶𝑉 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠
𝐶𝑉 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 =
𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
Inventories:
𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 = 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 + 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆
𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 (𝐹𝐌𝐹𝑂) = 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 + 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒
𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐹𝐌𝐹𝑂 = 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 − (𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒)
Long-Lived Assets:
𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 =
𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒
𝐷𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = (
2
𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒
) (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛)
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 =
𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 =
𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒
𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 =
𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒
Deferred Taxes:
𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 = 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 + ∆𝐷𝑇𝐿 − ∆𝐷𝑇𝐎
Debt Liabilities
𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 = (
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒
𝑎𝑡 𝐌𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒
) × (
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒
𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑊 𝑎𝑡
𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑
)
Performance Ratios
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑀 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 − 𝑜𝑛 − 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 − 𝑜𝑛 − 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑀 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠
Coverage Ratios
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡
𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂 + 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 + 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑
𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑
𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑
𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 & 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 =
𝐶𝐹𝑂
𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑀𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠

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Financial Ratios and Formulas for Analysis

  • 1. Financial Ratio & Formulas Activity Ratios: 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐷𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 365 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑜𝑜𝑑𝑠 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝐷𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 = 365 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑠 𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 356 𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑓𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 = 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑀𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 Liquidity Ratio: 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑄𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑘 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠
  • 2. 𝐷𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ + 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑠 + 𝑅𝑒𝑐𝑒𝑖𝑣𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑑𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑊 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐶𝑊𝑐𝑙𝑒 = ( 𝐷𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑊 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 ) + ( 𝐷𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑑 ) − ( 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑊𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 ) Solvency Ratios: 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 + 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒ℎ𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑒𝑟′ 𝑠 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐞𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐞𝑎𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑠 𝑏𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑖𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 + 𝐿𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 Profitability Ratios 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑂𝑅 𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 = 𝐞𝐵𝑇 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒
  • 3. 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑅𝑂𝐎) = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 (𝑅𝑂𝐎) = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 + 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒(1 − 𝑡𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒) 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 = 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑂𝑅 𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 𝑅𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑎𝑣𝑎𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 Free Cash Flow to Firm: 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 + 𝑁𝑜𝑛𝑐𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 + [𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 × (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)] − 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 − 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐹 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 + [𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 × (1 − 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒)] − 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 Free Cash Flow from Equity: 𝐹𝐶𝐹𝐞 = 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝐹𝑙𝑜𝑀 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 − 𝐹𝑖𝑥𝑒𝑑 𝐶𝑎𝑝𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 + 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐵𝑜𝑟𝑟𝑜𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 = 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 − 𝑆𝑖𝑧𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑠 = 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑡 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐎𝐫𝐢𝐠𝐢𝐧𝐚𝐥 𝐃𝐮𝐏𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧: 𝑅𝑂𝐞 = ( 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑃𝑟𝑜𝑓𝑖𝑡 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑖𝑛 ) ( 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 ) ( 𝐿𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 ) 𝐄𝐱𝐭𝐞𝐧𝐝𝐞𝐝 𝐃𝐮𝐏𝐚𝐧𝐭 𝐄𝐪𝐮𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐚𝐧: 𝑅𝑂𝐞 = ( 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐞𝐵𝑇 ) ( 𝐞𝐵𝑇 𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇 ) ( 𝐞𝐵𝐌𝑇 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 ) ( 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 ) ( 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 )
  • 4. 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑖𝑐 𝐞𝑃𝐹 = 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐷𝑖𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐞𝑃𝑆 = ( 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 ) + ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 ) + ( 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 ) (1 − 𝑡) ( 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ) + ( 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑝𝑓𝑑. 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 ) + ( 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 ) + ( 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑆𝑡𝑜𝑐𝑘 𝑂𝑝𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ) Coefficients of Variation: 𝐶𝑉 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝐶𝑉 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑉 𝑜𝑓 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝑆𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑣𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑛𝑒𝑡 𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 Inventories: 𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 = 𝐵𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 + 𝑃𝑢𝑟𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑠𝑒𝑠 − 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐶𝑢𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 (𝐹𝐌𝐹𝑂) = 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑊 + 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐹𝐌𝐹𝑂 = 𝐶𝑂𝐺𝑆 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 − (𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒 − 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐿𝐌𝐹𝑂 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑣𝑒) Long-Lived Assets: 𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 − 𝐿𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑆𝑎𝑙𝑣𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑉𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 𝐷𝐷𝐵 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = ( 2 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 ) (𝐶𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛) 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐎𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑌𝑒𝑎𝑟𝑠 = 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑠 𝑎 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐎𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
  • 5. 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐺𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑈𝑠𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑙 𝐿𝑖𝑓𝑒 = 𝐞𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐎𝑛𝑛𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 Deferred Taxes: 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝑇𝑎𝑥 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 = 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 + ∆𝐷𝑇𝐿 − ∆𝐷𝑇𝐎 Debt Liabilities 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠 𝐞𝑥𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑒 = ( 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑘𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐌𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑒 ) × ( 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐵𝑎𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆ℎ𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝐿𝑖𝑎𝑏𝑖𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑊 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑 ) Performance Ratios 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑀 − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝑁𝑒𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛𝑢𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 − 𝑜𝑛 − 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑟𝑒𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛 − 𝑜𝑛 − 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐞𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑡𝑊 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ − 𝑡𝑜 − 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝑂𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐌𝑛𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑒 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑀 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 − 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑛𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑚𝑜𝑛 𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑠 Coverage Ratios 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝐶𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 + 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 + 𝑇𝑎𝑥𝑒𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝐌𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑅𝑒𝑖𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔 𝑇𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐎𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑡𝑠
  • 6. 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝐿𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝐷𝑒𝑏𝑡 𝑅𝑒𝑝𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 𝑃𝑎𝑊𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑠 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑑 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 & 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝐶𝐹𝑂 𝐶𝑎𝑠ℎ 𝑂𝑢𝑡𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑀𝑠 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐌𝑛𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝐎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑒ð‘