2. VITAMINS…
They are organic essential nutrients
required in tiny amounts to perform
specific functions that promote growth,
reproduction and maintenance of health
and life.
-vita = life
-amine = containing nitrogen (first
vitamin discovered contained nitrogen)
4. I am a part of the vitamin B group .
I am also known as vitamin B2.
I am a yellow-orange solid substance .
I have poor solubility in water compared to
other B vitamins.,light sensitive - 70% loss in
milk.
Visually, I imparts color to vitamin
supplements (and bright yellow color to the
urine of persons taking a lot of me).
A solution of
riboflavin.
6. My Functions…
My active forms are,
flavin mononucleotide (FMN) and
flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) , function
as cofactors for a variety of flavoprotein
enzyme reactions .
Role in Metabolism:
FAD, helps in breaking down fats and
CHO into fuel by contributing to the ETC
FMN in Complex I and FAD in Complex II
9. FAD is required to
convert retinol (vitamin A) to retinoic
acid via cytosolic retinal
dehydrogenase .
FAD is required to
convert tryptophan to niacin (vitamin
B3)
Role in Drug Processing:
I activate the protein cytochrome
P450, an enzyme responsible for
metabolizing several drugs, including
10.
11. Absorption & Excretion….
Absorbed in the mucosa of the small
intestine in the form of phosphoric esters,
and partly as free.
Deposited in the liver, kidneys and other
organs.
Small amount is present in the blood.
Excreted mainly through urine- 200 mg/day
.
In deficiency- 40-70 mg/day .
12. Deficiency…
Needed for the functioning of every single cell within
your body, and a deficiency or lack of B vitamins in
your diet can create a number of serious side effects.
angular
Signs of Ariboflavanosis : stomatitis
cheilosis
Anemia
Fatigue
Nerve damage
A sluggish metabolism
Mouth (angular stomatitis)or lip sores or
cracks(cheilosis)
Skin inflammation and skin disorders, especially around
the nose and face
Inflamed mouth and tongue(glossitis)
Sore throat
Swelling of mucus membranes
Changes in mood, such as increased anxiety and signs
13. Treament….
5-10 mg dosage is adequate for curing
oral and dermal lesions.
Riboflavin needs to be supplemented
to preterm infants.
14.
15. Dietary requirements…
Group Recommended nutrient intake mg/day
Infants and children
0-6 months 0.3
7-12 months 0.4
1-3 years 0.5
4-6 years 0.6
7-9 years 0.9
Adolescents, 10-18 years
Females 1.0
Males 1.3
Adults
Females, 19+ years 1.1
Males, 19+ years 1.3
Pregnancy 1.4
Lactation 1.6
17. Also called nicotinic acid, nicotinamide,
VitaminPP
Can be synthesised in the human body from
the amino acid tryptophan.
relatively stable to
Light , heat , oxidation , alkali
major losses due to leaching.
Active forms are NAD+ (Nicotinamide
Adenine Dinucleotide) and NADP+
(Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide
Phosphate)
21. Functions…
NAD is important in catabolism of fat,
carbohydrate, protein and NADP mostly in
anabolism reactions such as fatty acid and
cholesterol synthesis.
NADH produed is oxidised in the electron
transport chain to generate ATP.
Improves Cholesterol Levels
Several studies have shown that I can boost
levels of good HDL cholesterol and lower
triglycerides just as well as certain prescription
drugs when given in high doses.
Also helps to lower bad LDL cholesterol
22. Lowers Cardiovascular Disease Risk
I have the ability to reduce atherosclerosis,
which is the dangerous hardening of the
arteries that can lead to heart disease.
I play a part in the reduction
of inflammation and production of
histamine, which is a chemical compound
capable of dilating blood vessels and
improving circulation.
23. Can Help Treat Diabetes
It’s believed that I can help improve the
efficiency of certain oral drug treatments that
are used to control diabetes.
Maintains Skin Health
prescribed as a natural treatment for
healthy skin and clearing acne
Because help to reduce skin inflammation,
flare ups, irritation, redness, and more
24. Supports Proper Brain Function
Studies have shown that can help protect
against Alzheimer’s Disease and other age
related brain disorders that result in
cognitive decline
Helps with Joint Mobility and to
TreatArthritis
Studies correlate niacin intake with lower
levels of joint pain, enhanced muscle
strength, and fewer symptoms associated
with muscle or joint fatigue.
25. Absorption…
Hydrolysis in small intestine to free vitamin
Absorbed in duodenum
Deficiency…
Pellegra
Charecterised by 3Ds
Diarrhoea, Dermatitis, & Dementia
And if not treated,it will leads to the 4th D,
Death
Mucous membrane swelling-
symptoms which affect the mouth, vagina and
urethra.
26. Can cause pain in the mouth, increased
salivation, and edema of the tongue, and
ulcers
Skin symptoms include several types of
lesions
Gastrointestinal (digestive) disturbances-
Symptoms include burning in the pharynx and
esophagus, stomach and abdominal
discomfort, constipation, nausea, vomiting,
and diarrhoea
Brain impairment and psychosis-
27. Side effects …
Nausea or vomiting
Skin reactions, rashes
Headaches
Dizziness
Heart problems
Diabetes
Gallbladder or liver disease symptoms
Low blood pressure
Stomach or intestinal ulcers
Problems after surgery controlling blood sugar
levels
31. Structure..
•also called vitamin B5
•the Greek pantothen (πάντοθεν), meaning
"from everywhere", and small quantities of
pantothenic acid are found in nearly every food.
•Very soluble in water
32. Co enzyme A
Pantoic acid
β-alanie
I’am the amide between pantoic acid and β-alanine
Used in the synthesis of coenzyme A (CoA)
35. Functions...
Coenzyme A
may act as an acyl group carrier to
form acetyl-CoA and other related compounds;
this is a way to transport carbon atoms within
the cell.
CoA is important in energy metabolism for
pyruvate to enter the TCA cycle as acetyl-CoA,
and for α-ketoglutarate to be transformed to
succinyl-CoA in the cycle. CoA is also
important in the biosynthesis of many important
compounds such as fatty acids, cholesterol,
andacetylcholine. CoA is incidentally also
required in the formation of ACP, which is also
36. Improves Cardiovascular Health
A derivative of pantothenic acid is called
pantethine, which has been studied for its
ability to positively influence heart health.
Synthesizes Cholesterol
may help to reduce “bad” LDL
cholesterol and triglyceride levels in the
blood of people with elevated blood fats.
At the same time, it helps to raise “good” HDL
cholesterol.
37. Metabolizes Food into Energy
It does this by synthesizing an enzyme
known as coenzyme-A (CoA), which breaks
down sugars in the form of glucose for
energy. B vitamins also help the body to
synthesize and metabolize fats and proteins
Maintains Healthy Nerve Function
Vitamin B5 is responsible for helping with
nerve function, specifically for creating an
important molecule called acetylcholine.
38. Acetylcholine makes it possible for your brain
and spinal chord to send nerve impulses to
our organs.
It is also used to send nerve signals to
muscles, so without enough vitamin B5,
nerve damage and impairment in movement
can develop.
This is why one of the primary signs of a
serious B vitamin deficiency is muscle
impairment and pain.
39. Improves Mental Performance
vitamin B5 may be able to help prevent
memory loss, migraine headaches, chronic
brain syndrome, depression, motion
sickness, insomnia, and even alcohol
dependence.
Helps Control the Body’s Stress
Response
B vitamins useful in calming the nervous
system, chronic stress, and regulating
hormones which control appetite, energy,
mood, temperature, and more.
40. Helps Wound Healing
Studies have shown that vitamin B5 can help in
treating skin reactions from radiation therapy and
may speed up wound and cut healing
The exact mechanism of the beneficial effect of
vitamin B5 on skin remains unclear
Helps with Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis
One study found that people with Rheumatoid
Arthritis may have lower levels of B5 in their
blood than healthy people.
Lower levels of vitamin B5 were associated with
the most severe symptoms of arthritis, including
painful movements, stiffness, and inflammation.
43. Age group Age Adequate intake
Infants 0–6 months 1.7 mg
Infants 7–12 months 1.8 mg
Children 1–3 years 2 mg
Children 4–8 years 3 mg
Children 9–13 years 4 mg
Adult men and
women
14+ years 5 mg
Pregnant women (vs. 5) 6 mg
Breastfeeding women (vs. 5) 7 mg
Dietary requirements …
44. References…
Michael M. Cox , David L. Nelson
“LEHNINGER PRINCIPLES OF
BIOCHEMISTRY”
U Satyanarayana,U Chakrapani
,“BIOCHEMISTRY”
Garrett &et al., “BIOCHEMISTRY”
B . Sreelakshmi, “NUTRITION SCIENCE”.
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