CANDU REACTOR

1. PREPARED BY
ASHWIN ANIL 166080319005
SHILPESH MISTRY 166080319027
MAHEK PARMAR 166084319002
RAY DEV KUMAR GAJENDRA 166080319059
GUIDED BY
LECT. DIVYANG JARIWALA
BHAGWAN MAHAVIR
POLYTECHNIC
DEPARTMENT
OF
MECHANICAL ENGINEERING
Power Plant Engineering
CANDU REACTOR

2. History Of CANDU Reactor
 CANDU reactors were first developed in the late 1950s
and 1960s by a partnership between atomic energy of
Canada limited (AECL) electric power commission of
Ontario, Canadian general electric , and other
companies. In October 2011, the Canadian federal
government licensed the CANDU design to CANDU
energy (a wholly owned subsidiary of SNC-Lavalin),
which also acquired the former reactor development and
marketing division of AECL at the time. This reactor is
installed in many countries like Quebec and new
Brunswick, as well as Argentina, south Korea, Romania
,and china. A single example of a non-CANDU 6 design
was sold to India. There are different reactor designs
made named as CANDU 6 & CANDU 9. The CANDU
includes a number of active and passive safety features
in its design.

3. CANDU REACTOR
 CANDU (CANADA DEUTRIUM URANIUM).
 It is a Canadian-invented, heavy water reactor.
 It is a type of nuclear reactor that uses natural
uranium as fuel, pressurised heavy water as
moderator and uses pressurized tubes to
contain the fuel and circulating coolant.

5. COMPONENTS OF CANDU REACTOR:-
1.) Pressurized fuel tubes
2.) Fuel
3.) Core
4.) Generator
5.) Steam collector
6.) Pump
7.) Heat exchanger
8.) Steam turbines
9.) Condenser
10.) Cooling water

6.  Pressurized fuel tubes:-
High-pressure tubes are characterized by high yield
strength and high tensile strength in combination with high
elongation. The pressure resistance is guaranteed by the
very smooth inside surface. High-pressure tubes for a
variety of high-pressure applications using liquid or gas as
the pressure medium, such as hydraulic installations, test
benches and water-jet cutting equipment.
 Fuel:-
Unlike other nuclear reactor that uses enriched uranium
fuel and light water as a moderator , CANDU reactor uses
non-enriched(natural) uranium oxide as fuel and heavy
water as moderator. In CANDU reactor fuel can be
continuously changed while the reactor is in operation.

7.  Core:-
It contains a large number of horizontal channels.The
channels contain the fuel elements and coolant. The
coolant flow around the fuel elements to remove the heat
generated by fission. When these coolant leave the reactor
it gains a high pressure (10mpa) and temperature at (370
degree celsius) and then it enters the steam generator.
 Generator:-
A function generator is usually a piece of electronic test
equipment or software used to generate different types of
electrical waveforms over a wide range of frequencies.
Some of the most common waveforms produced by the
function generator are the sine wave , square wave,
triangular wave and sawtooth shapes.

8.  Steam collector:-
If steam enters this block, it will be held there for up to 20
seconds. The collector will hold as much steam as it takes
to shoot it out of every output (except the one that the last
steam entered from), and then shoot them all out.
 Pump:-
A pump is a device that moves fluids (liquids or gases), or
sometimes slurries, by mechanical action. Pumps can be
classified into three major groups according to the method
they use to move the fluid Pumps operate by some
mechanism (typically reciprocating or rotary), and
consume energy to perform mechanical work moving the
fluid.

9.  Heat exchanger:-
A heat exchanger is a device designed to efficiently
transfer or "exchange" heat from one matter to another.
When a fluid is used to transfer heat, the fluid could be a
liquid, such as water or oil, or could be moving air. The
most well known type of heat exchanger is a car radiator.
 Steam turbine:-
A steam turbine is a device that extracts thermal
energy from pressurized steam and uses it to
do mechanical work on a rotating output shaft. The steam
turbine is a form of heat engine that derives much of its
improvement in thermodynamic efficiency from the use of
multiple stages in the expansion of the steam, which
results in a closer approach to the ideal reversible
expansion process.

10.  Condenser:-
A condenser is a device or unit used to condense a
substance from its gaseous to its liquid state, by cooling it.
In so doing, the latent heat is given up by the substance
and transferred to the surrounding environment.
Condensers can be made according to numerous designs,
and come in many sizes ranging from rather small to very
large.
 Cooling water:-
The function of a cooling system is to remove heat from
processes or equipment. Heat removed from one medium
is transferred to another medium, or process fluid. Most
often, the cooling medium is water.

11. WORKING OF CANDU REACTOR
 In the reactor, neutrons emitted in the fission reaction
are slowed down by the heavy water, which acts as a
coolant carrying the heat energy produced in the
nuclear reaction from the uranium rods to the heat
exchanger and then to the turbines to produce electric
power. The products of fission are hot because the
smaller atoms produced when a large atom breaks up,
it has a great deal of kinetic energy.

12. Control And Protection System
 CANDU reactor consists of a number of neutron
absorber rods which are mainly used for start-up and
shut-down.
 For start-up ,it pulls the rod out of the core.
 For shut-down, it drops them in the core.
 These absorbing rods are also used for controlling
power variation during nuclear reactor operation.
 In an emergency operation situation, the shut-down
rods would immediately drop into the core.

13. Advantages
 Enriched fuel is not required.
 Heavy water is used as moderator which has low
fuel consumption.
 Less time is needed to construct the reactor.
Disadvantages
 Cost of heavy water is very high .
 There are leakage problems.
 It require high standards of design ,manufacture,
maintenance.

14. Applications
 CANDU reactor’s is used for generating Electric
power.
 These reactors are more economical to those nations
which do not produce enriched uranium as the
enrichment of uranium is very costly.

15. THANK YOU…..