This document discusses various methods for measuring brand equity and valuing brands, including comparative, holistic, and valuation approaches. Comparative methods examine consumer responses to changes in brand identification or marketing programs. Holistic methods attempt to place an overall value on the brand. Valuation approaches are used to place a financial value on brand equity, such as for mergers or acquisitions. Specific valuation methods discussed include the cost approach, market approach, income approach, and Interbrand's five-step brand valuation methodology.

1. 10.1
MEASURING OUTCOMES OF BRAND EQUITY:MEASURING OUTCOMES OF BRAND EQUITY:
CAPURING MARKET PERFORMANCECAPURING MARKET PERFORMANCE

2. 10.2
Measuring Brand EquityMeasuring Brand Equity
 Multi-dimensional conceptMulti-dimensional concept
 Many different measures requiredMany different measures required
 The ultimate value of a brand depends on theThe ultimate value of a brand depends on the
underlying components of brand knowledgeunderlying components of brand knowledge
and sources of brand equityand sources of brand equity

3. 10.3
Comparative MethodsComparative Methods
 Brand-based comparative approachesBrand-based comparative approaches
 Marketing-based comparative approachesMarketing-based comparative approaches
 Conjoint analysisConjoint analysis

4. 10.4
Brand-Based ApproachesBrand-Based Approaches
 The marketing element under consideration isThe marketing element under consideration is
fixed.fixed.
 Consumer response is examined based on changesConsumer response is examined based on changes
in brand identification.in brand identification.
 Application example:Application example: Blind testingBlind testing
 Advantage:Advantage: Isolates the value of the brandIsolates the value of the brand
 Disadvantage:Disadvantage: The totality of what is learned dependsThe totality of what is learned depends
on how many applications are examined.on how many applications are examined.

5. 10.5
Marketing-Based ApproachesMarketing-Based Approaches
 The brand is held fixed and consumer response isThe brand is held fixed and consumer response is
examined based on changes in marketing programs.examined based on changes in marketing programs.
 Applications:Applications: Explore price premiums’ effect onExplore price premiums’ effect on
switching, consumer evaluations of marketingswitching, consumer evaluations of marketing
activities, brand extensions, etc.activities, brand extensions, etc.
 Advantage:Advantage: Ease of implementationEase of implementation
 Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Difficult to determine whetherDifficult to determine whether
consumer responses are caused by brandconsumer responses are caused by brand
knowledge or generic product knowledgeknowledge or generic product knowledge

6. 10.6
Conjoint AnalysisConjoint Analysis
 A survey-based multivariate technique that enablesA survey-based multivariate technique that enables
marketers to profile the consumer decision process withmarketers to profile the consumer decision process with
respect to products and brandsrespect to products and brands
 Helps researchers determine the trade-offs consumersHelps researchers determine the trade-offs consumers
make between brand attributesmake between brand attributes
 Applications:Applications: Assess advertising effectiveness and brandAssess advertising effectiveness and brand
value; analyze brand/price trade-offvalue; analyze brand/price trade-off
 Advantage:Advantage: Allows for different brands or different aspectsAllows for different brands or different aspects
of the product to be analyzed simultaneouslyof the product to be analyzed simultaneously
 Disadvantage:Disadvantage: May violate consumers’ expectations based onMay violate consumers’ expectations based on
what they already know about brandswhat they already know about brands

7. 10.7
Holistic MethodsHolistic Methods
 Attempt to place an overall value on the brandAttempt to place an overall value on the brand
in either abstract utility terms or concrete financialin either abstract utility terms or concrete financial
termsterms
 Net out various considerations to determine theNet out various considerations to determine the
unique contribution of the brandunique contribution of the brand
 Holistic methods:Holistic methods:
 Residual approachesResidual approaches
 Valuation approachesValuation approaches

8. 10.8
Residual ApproachesResidual Approaches
 Examine the value of the brand by subtractingExamine the value of the brand by subtracting
consumers’ preferences based on physical productconsumers’ preferences based on physical product
attributes alone from their overall brandattributes alone from their overall brand
preferencespreferences
 Advantage:Advantage: Useful benchmark for interpretingUseful benchmark for interpreting
brand equity, especially from a financially orientedbrand equity, especially from a financially oriented
perspectiveperspective
 Disadvantage:Disadvantage: Static view. Limited diagnostic valueStatic view. Limited diagnostic value
for strategic decision makingfor strategic decision making

9. 10.9
Valuation ApproachesValuation Approaches
 Attempt to place a financial value on brand equityAttempt to place a financial value on brand equity
for accounting purposesfor accounting purposes
 Useful in cases of mergers and acquisitions, brandUseful in cases of mergers and acquisitions, brand
licensing, fund raising, and brand managementlicensing, fund raising, and brand management
decisionsdecisions
 Valuation approaches:Valuation approaches:
 Accounting backgroundAccounting background
 Historical perspectivesHistorical perspectives
 General approachesGeneral approaches
 Interbrand’s brand valuation methodologyInterbrand’s brand valuation methodology

10. 10.10
Accounting BackgroundAccounting Background
 Intangible assetsIntangible assets are typically lumped under theare typically lumped under the
heading ofheading of goodwillgoodwill and include things such asand include things such as
patents, trademarks, and licensing agreements,patents, trademarks, and licensing agreements,
as well as “softer” considerations such as theas well as “softer” considerations such as the
skill of the management and customer relations.skill of the management and customer relations.
 In an acquisition, the goodwill item oftenIn an acquisition, the goodwill item often
includes a premium paid to gain control, which,includes a premium paid to gain control, which,
in certain instances, may even exceed the valuein certain instances, may even exceed the value
of tangible and intangible assets.of tangible and intangible assets.

11. 10.11
Historical PerspectivesHistorical Perspectives
 In Australia Rupert Murdoch’s News CorporationIn Australia Rupert Murdoch’s News Corporation
included a valuation of some of its magazines on itsincluded a valuation of some of its magazines on its
balance sheets in 1984.balance sheets in 1984.
 British firms used brand values primarily to boost theirBritish firms used brand values primarily to boost their
balance sheets.balance sheets.
 In the United States, generally accepted accountingIn the United States, generally accepted accounting
principles (blanket amortization principles) mean thatprinciples (blanket amortization principles) mean that
placing a brand on the balance sheet would requireplacing a brand on the balance sheet would require
amortization of that asset for up to 40 years. Such aamortization of that asset for up to 40 years. Such a
charge would severely hamper firm profitability; as acharge would severely hamper firm profitability; as a
result, firms avoid such accounting maneuvers.result, firms avoid such accounting maneuvers.

12. 10.12
General ApproachesGeneral Approaches
 In determining the value of a brand in an acquisition orIn determining the value of a brand in an acquisition or
merger, firms can choose from three main approaches:merger, firms can choose from three main approaches:
 Cost approach:Cost approach: Brand equity is the amount of money thatBrand equity is the amount of money that
would be required to reproduce or replace the brandwould be required to reproduce or replace the brand
 Market approach:Market approach: The present value of the future economicThe present value of the future economic
benefits to be derived by the owner of the assetbenefits to be derived by the owner of the asset
 Income approach:Income approach: The discounted future cash flow from theThe discounted future cash flow from the
future earnings stream for the brandfuture earnings stream for the brand

13. 10.13
Interbrand’s Brand ValuationInterbrand’s Brand Valuation
 Assumes that brand value is the present worth of theAssumes that brand value is the present worth of the
benefits of future ownershipbenefits of future ownership
 Follows five valuation steps:Follows five valuation steps:
 Market segmentationMarket segmentation
 Financial (role of branding) analysisFinancial (role of branding) analysis
 Demand (brand strength) analysisDemand (brand strength) analysis
 Competitive benchmarkingCompetitive benchmarking
 Brand value calculationBrand value calculation
 Brand value calculation : Calculate the brand value as theBrand value calculation : Calculate the brand value as the
net present value (NPV) of the forecast brand earnings,net present value (NPV) of the forecast brand earnings,
discounted by the brand discount ratediscounted by the brand discount rate