Narcotics drugs

1. NARCOTIC DRUG
A Seminar Presentation
Department of Forensic
Science
Presented By
PRIYA SINGH
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2. PRESENTATION OVERVIEW
• Introduction
• History
• Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
• Opiods
• Derivative of opiods
• How narcotic drugs work
• Morphine
• Heroin
• codeine
• methadonne
• effect of narcotic
• uses of narcotic drugs
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3. NARCOTIC DRUG
Narcotic drug also known as “opioids,” the term “narcotic”comes
from the Greek word “to be numd” and originally referred to a
variety of substances that dulled the senses and relieved pain.
Examples include the illicit drug heroin and pharmaceutical drugs
like, codeine, morphine, methadone etc
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4. HISTORY
• The term "narcotic" is coined by the Greek physician Galen
• who refer agents that numb or deaden, causing loss
of feeling or paralysis.
• It is based on the Greek word (narcosis),
• the term narcosis used by Hippocrates for the process of numbing or the
numbed state.
• Galen listed seeds of poppy juice (opium) as the chief examples.
• narcotic in the form of opium were first abused by china
• The leaf of poppy was chewed beginning in 1700’s for relaxation
• Beginning in 1806, morphine began to be extract from poppy flower
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5. Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961
• According to Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs of 1961 is an
international treaty
• it prohibit production and supply of specific (nominally narcotic) drugs
except under licence for specific purposes, such as medical treatment and
research.
• The principal objectives of the Convention are to limit the possession, use,
trade, distribution, import, export, manufacture and production of drugs
exclusively to medical and scientific purposes, and to address drug
trafficking through international cooperation to deter and discourage drug
traffickers
• The adoption of this Convention is regarded as a milestone in the history
of international drug law.
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6. • The 1961 Convention seeks to control more than 116 drugs that it
classifies as narcotic. These include:
• plant-based products such as opium and its derivatives morphine, codeine
and heroin (the primary category of drug listed in the Convention);
• synthetic narcotics such as methadone and pethidine; and
• cannabis, coca and cocaine.
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7. SHEDULE DRUG CLASSIFICATION
• Drugs, substances, depending upon the drug’s acceptable medical use and the
drug’s abuse or dependency potential.
 Schedule I
• Schedule I drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with no currently
accepted medical use and a high potential for abuse. Ex heroin,
 Schedule II
• Schedule II drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with a high
potential for abuse, with use potentially leading to severe psychological or physical
dependence. These drugs are also considered dangerous.
• Combination products with less than 15 milligrams of hydrocodone per dosage
unit (Vicodin), cocaine,, methadone, hydromorphone (Dilaudid), meperidine
(Demerol), oxycodone (OxyContin), fentanyl,
•
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8.  Schedule III
low potential for physical and psychological dependence. :
• Products containing less than 90 milligrams of codeine per dosage unit
(Tylenol with codeine)
 Schedule IV
• drugs with a low potential for abuse and low risk of dependence. Some
 Schedule V
• Schedule V drugs, substances, or chemicals are defined as drugs with
lower potential for abuse. Schedule V drugs are generally used for
antidiarrheal, antitussive, and analgesic purposes. Some examples of
Schedule V drugs are:
• cough preparations with less than 200 milligrams of codeine or per 100
milliliters
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9. OPIOID
• Opium is the dried latex obtained from
the opium poppy plant
• scientific name: Papaver somniferum.
• Approximately 12 percent of the opium
latex is made up of the analgesic alkaloid
morphine,
• which is processed chemically to
produce heroin and other synthetic opioids
for medicinal use and for illegal drug trade
• The latex also contains the closely
related opiates codeine and thebaine, and
non analgesic alkaloids such
as papaverin and noscapin
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10. OPIUM PLANT
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11. DERIVATIVES OF OPIAD
• morphine
• Heroine illicit drug
• Codine
• Thebaine
• Oxycodone
• Methadone
• Hydrocodone
• Hydromorphone etc
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12. HOW NARCOTIC WORK
• Narcotic drugs work as central
nervous system (CNS)
• Specific recepter present on brain
through it bind.
• depressants by slowing down neural
activity in both the brain and the
body.
• Since narcotics effects specifically
target the CNS, once drugs enter the
brain, their effects can spread quickly
throughout the body
• and slow down overall
communications between the brain
and the body.
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13. MORPHINE
Chemical structure of morphin
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14. ABOUT MORPHINE
• Morphine are natural phenantrene alkaloids present in opium
• It derived out of 20 other remaining alkaloids from a premature poppy
capsule (Papaver somniferum).
• The content of opium in the poppy capsule is about 10% for morphine
• It provide relief from painMorphine is a use for pain medication and derive
from opiate
• It acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to decrease the
feeling of pain.
• It can be taken for both acute pain and chronic pain.
• It is frequently used for pain from myocardial infaction and during labour
• it serf in asthma or breathing problems, a blockage in stomach or
intestines, or a bowel obstruction called paralytic ileus.
• Morphine can slow or stop your breathing, and may be habit-forming.
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15. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• It can be given by mouth, by injection into a muscle, by injecting under
the skin,
• intravenously, into the space around the spinal cord, or rectally.
• Maximum effect is around 20 minutes when given intravenously and
60 minutes when given by mouth, while duration of effect is 3–7 hours.
• Long-acting formulations also exist
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16. SIDE EFFECT
• Potentially serious side effects include a decreased respiratory effort
and low blood pressure
• Morphine has a high potential for addiction and abuse
• If the dose is reduced after long-term use, withdrawal may occur.
• Common side effects include drowsiness, vomiting, and constipation.
• Caution is advised when used during pregnancy or breast feeding , as
morphine will affect the babys low heart rate, sighing, weak or shallow
breathing;
• chest pain, fast or pounding heartbeats;
• extreme drowsiness, feeling like you might pass out; or
• low cortisol levels - nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, dizziness,
worsening tiredness or weakness.
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17. HEROIN
Chemical structure of heroin
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18. HEROIN
• Heroin, also known as diamorphine
• It is obtained from acetylation of morphin
• most commonly used as a recreational drug for
its euphoric effects.
• Medically it is used in several countries to relieve pain or
in opioid replacement therapy
• Heroin is typically injected, usually into a vein;
• however, it can also be smoked, snorted or inhaled
• Onset of effects is usually rapid and lasts for a few hours.
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19. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• Heroin is typically injected,
usually into a vein;
• however, it can also be
smoked, snorted or inhaled
• Onset of effects is usually
rapid and lasts for a few hours.
• When given by injection into a
vein, heroin has two to three
times the effect as a similar
dose of morphine.
• It typically comes as a white or
brown powder.
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20. SIDE EFFECT OF HEROIN
• Common side effects include respiratory depression (decreased
breathing),
• dry mouth, euphoria, and addiction
• Other side effects can include
infected heart valves,
blood borne infections,
constipation, and pneumonia.
• After a history of long-term use, withdrawal symptoms can begin.
• When given by injection into a vein, heroin has two to three times
the effect as a similar dose of morphine.
• It typically comes as a white or brown powder.
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21. CODEINE
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22. CODEINE
• codeine are natural phenantrene alkaloids present in opium
• The content of opium in the poppy capsule is about 0.2% for
codeine
• Codeine is use to treat pain, as a cough medicine, and for diarrhea
• It is typically used to treat mild to moderate degrees of pain.
• Greater benefit may occur when combined with paracetamol
(acetaminophen) or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
such as aspirin or ibuprofen
• In Europe it is not recommended as a cough medicine in those
under twelve years of age.
• It is generally taken by mouth. It typically starts working after half
an hour with maximum effect at two hours. The total duration of its
effects last for about four to six hours
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23. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• It is generally taken by mouth.
• It typically starts working after half an hour with
maximum effect at two hours.
• The total duration of its effects last for about four to
six hours
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24. SIDE EFFECT CODEINE
• Serious side effects include addiction
• Common side effects
include vomiting, constipation, itchiness, lightheadedness,
and drowsiness, may include breathing difficulties
• It is unclear if its use in pregnancy is safe. Care should be used
during breastfeeding as it may result in opiatetoxicity in the baby.
• Its use as of 2016 is not recommended in children.
• Codeine works following being broken down by the liver
into morphine How quickly this occurs depends on a person's genetics
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25. METHADONE
• Methadone, sold under the brand name Dolophine
• among others, is an opioid used to treat pain
• and as maintenance therapy or to help with tapering in people with opioid
dependence
• Detoxification using methadone can either be done relatively rapidly in
less than a month or gradually over as long as six months.
• While a single dose has a rapid effect, maximum effect can take five days
of use.
• The pain relieving effects last about six hours after a single dose,
• similar to that of morphone.
• After long term use, in people with normal liver function, effects last 8 to
36 hours.
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26. MODE OF ADMINISTRATION
• Methadone is usually taken by mouth and rarely
by injection into a muscle or vein
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27. SIDE EFFECT
• Side effects are similar to those of other opioids
• Commonly these include dizziness, sleepiness, vomiting, and
sweating.
• Serious risks include opioid abuse and a decreased effort to
breathe ,Abnormal heart rhythms
• The number of deaths in the United States involving
methadone poisoning declined from 4,418 in 2011to 3,300 in
2015.
• Risks are greater with higher doses.Methadone is made
by chemical synthesis and acts on opioid receptors
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28. TRADE NAME OF SOME NARCOTIC
MORPHINE OXYCODON HRDROCODON METHADON
Astramorph PF Dazidox Zohydro ER Methadose Sugar-
Free
Roxanol Oxyfast Hysingla ER Methadose
Roxanol-T Roxicodone
Intensol
Vantrela ER Dolophine
Infumorph Roxicodone Methadone Diskets
MorphaBond ER OxyContin
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29. EFFECT OF NARCOTIC
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• Euphoria
• Sedation
• Sleepiness
• Nausea
• Vomiting
• Constipation
• Constricted pupils
• Reduced pain
• Inability to feel pain or an extreme reduction in the sense of pain
• Labored breathing
• Reduced heart rate
• Narcotics overdose can lead to complications include coma, brain damage and
death. If you suspect that someone has overdosed on narcotics, seek immediate
medical attention to prevent possible long term, life threatening side effects.
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30. USES
• In the past, narcotic analgesics have been used for all types of pain, which
may explain why there are so many people addicted to them today.
• The most appropriate use of narcotic analgesics is for the relief of short-
term, intense pain, such as that occurring immediately after surgeryor due
to a medical condition.
• Narcotic analgesics are also appropriate for the relief of pain due
to cancer, or for palliative care or end-of life care. However, they should
only be considered to treat other types of chronic pain under strict
conditions and with close monitoring.
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31. FORENSIC ANALYSIS OF NARCOTIC DRUG
• Methods of Analysis and identification Categories of Analytical Techniques
The requires the use of multiple independent identification techniques.
• Infrared Spectroscopy
• Capillary Electrophoresis
• Color Tests,
• Fluorescence Spectroscopy
• Mass Spectrometry Gas Chromatography
• Immunoassay
• Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
• Ion Mobility Spectrometry
• Raman Spectroscopy
• Liquid Chromatography
• Ultraviolet Spectroscopy
• Thin Layer Chromatography
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32. THANK YOU
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