30 years long economic battle that India fought

1. CBIR Consulting
Anil Sharma
sharma_anil@yahoo.com
https://www.linkedin.com/in/anil-sharma-592754/

2. 1. Contents
1. Historical background ...........................................................................................................................3
1) Preferences of rising middle class.....................................................................................................6
2) Urbanization theme in 1980ies: Move away from rural...................................................................7
3) Major focus of central government for “Metro” culture development support was: .....................7
2. Outline of reforms: Top economic segments .......................................................................................8
3. Reforms major achievements and future direction............................................................................10
1) Reforms’ major achievements........................................................................................................10
2) Reforms’ focus “2010 onwards” .....................................................................................................11
4. More on privatization drive ................................................................................................................12
5. Post reform cultural and social changes.............................................................................................14
6. World’s “new” economic growth: a 2020 view (next 40 years gross):...............................................15
7. Summary of reforms impact ...............................................................................................................21

3. 1991: UN-India Economic Reforms: (Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization)
It was time of crucial elections and a big political change at center when Indian
government almost came to default in mid 1991 around the same time when ex-Prime Minister
Rajiv Gandhi was assassinated by terrorists. Privatization theme that set the stage in and around
1985 was on low tides. India’s international trade participation increased and balance of trade
became an important parameter to “watch’ during this brief period of growth. By 1990 problems
with India’s fiscal and monetary policy structure started showing up with uncontrollable deficits,
trade balance problems, currency pricing etc and cracks in central government’s financial
statements almost brought country to default. 1991 became an important year in India’s recent
history because of such big happenings as:
1) Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi, Prime minister candidate
2) Formation of “company law board”
3) Government change, congress in power, PV Narasimha Rao as Prime Minister
4) Manmohan Singh, Finance minister
5) New industrial policy
6) World bank load, Middle east war, US financial package
7) UN economic reforms
8) UK gold collateral
Overall, country had very poor industrial and business infrastructure along with almost
negligible economic growth conditions in those days. Governmental controls were very stiff on
public and even private ‘personal and corporate life” when it came to business. License Raj,
high tariffs and poorly managed currency conversion markets defined business environment.
Business and trading infrastructure was bad and there was hardly any concept of financial
markets. When it came to politics, scene was in total disarray and foreign policy standings on
important issues were unclear along with very loose fiscal and monetary policy knobs. Business
conditions rating for India in worlds market would have been marked at the best as “Foreign
investment unfriendly, marred by corruption and unemployment”.
Since 1985, country started opening up a little though for computing and telecom sectors
and there was some interested in privatization, social improvement and development of
education and sports infrastructure. With deterioration in foreign business relations, on-going
political situation in the world, balance of trade account and financial payment standings in late
1990ies, a strong need for bigger centrally managed reforms at global scale were felt.
1. Historical background
The period between1985 to 2015 can be divided among multiple sub-periods of five to
seven years each for historical, economic and political analysis of pre-conditions which triggered
1991 UN reforms as follows:

4. 1980 -1993: India’s total alienation and isolation in international relationships
USSR dis-integration, Germany unification, political turmoil in Eastern Europe
UK economic stress, inclusion of UK in European Union in 1993, India not well known in EU
In 2002 common currency Euro as free trade solution between union countries
Japan stagnation, Early stages of China’s economic liberalization that was on since 1978
Middle east – Iran/Iraq Afghanistan-Pakistan Taliban issues
1993- 2000: Finding grounds
UN supported reforms program
European Union relationships improvement
Very few new choices were left for India then when it came to foreign relations: US was the only
highly dependable power left and was also seen as only promising land of opportunities for
business and trade relationships
Very bad period in world history for start of holistic and truly “worldly” opening up of Indian
economy for privatization and globalization which was suggestively seen as possible solution for
India’s stagnated growth and economic problems at home
Opening up of Indian skys’ for foreign airlines, sure help for international trade
Python & Basemap

5. Towards the end of the period search for number of good immigration destinations for skilled
workers (source of foreign income); Choices did shrink to just 1, US at that time, because of
crisis in Russia, Japan, UK, Middle-east and Germany
2000 – 2015: Hardening and diversification of Liberalization, Globalization and
Privatization efforts
Back-office and outsourcing industry setup
Opening up of all “old” partnerships at almost full throttle (conditions would never be better
world wide for international partnerships)
Globalization, internationalization and industrial-partnership opportunities are unlimited and
immense (the whole “world” is your possible market)
Foreign relationship regime would probably never be this better for India’s global dreams
 About 250K top end immigration every year (Steady revenue stream):
70-80K US
130 – 150K Middle East
30K Pacific Zone
30K Russia and Europe
 Good international partnerships and projects
 More than 200 international companies operating in India
2015 – onwards: True “Non-alignment”
International business with Germany is in “OK” mode again
Multiple business development engines in Europe again
UK, European Union, Russia and neighbors back as good business partners
Sweden/Norway/Dutch on globalization-relationship track and so are Pacific Rim countries
Middle-east back again as good destination for skilled worker category, is booming and
opportunities are much better than before
Other important related events of historical past:
1960 – 70: Refugee settlement, Kashmir and Hyderabad annexure in Indian Union
1971: Formation of Bangladesh
1975 – 1995: Rise in Muslim immigration to Middle East

6. There are some more important other factors which became major drivers for “sea”
change in central policy and around the color of country’s democratic image as follows:
1) Preferences of rising middle class
One would not just notice but invariably would feel the immense of “Tsunami” that is
being invigorating year by year with the growth of rising middle class in India. The world can’t
ignore preferences, tastes, wants and needs of this magnanimous formation. Here are some to
ponder upon to the very least:
Skills driven economic middle class (Focused on higher education, world parity in jobs and
lifestyle)
Trade up-skilling and education reimbursements, renting and mortgage support would help
Overseas assignments and projects, money transfer, travel and health plan financing appreciated
Retirement income, insurance and wealth management infra needed
Financial sector infrastructure development (Knowledge about money, life, culture and
economics)
Simple cost accounting and pricing finance is mostly inbuilt into the “Indian” culture system
Banking & finance for small businesses, P&L services and savings and loans “home” system
created enough background knowledge for modern efficient modern business operation
SMB/Consumer sector development (Entrepreneurship drive and will for “self” control
and mastery)
Retail sector development would have to be “organized” and hence would need billions of
dollars of investment (Modern world India performing better)
Small and mid-size business segment growth would have to be planned and controlled: millions
of outfits are possible “today” with proper financing (generational knowledge and pride in
ownership)
International business corridors setup (Travelers by creed, open in welcoming others)
Happening like “Industrial corridor, custom and excise duty relaxation and easy finance” would
only help
Supply chain and receivable and payable bills managements, finance, shipping, travel, logistics,
adhoc system in play since centuries, structuring would help

7. 2) Urbanization theme in 1980ies: Move away from rural
“Big City” move was big theme in late last century in India when you look at and analyze
common social trends. Urban sprawls came up in and around all existing major Metros of those
and not-so-present days. Not only that, many small towns crossed boundaries and they not only
grew into small cities but literally ended up growing into small Metropolitan areas with industrial
corridors, air travel connectivity and planned high-end real estate developments. And all of this
happened in the lifespan of just 1 generation. In India ‘Urban” sprawl is defined as an
agglomeration of 10 Lakh (1 Million) or more people.
Local government of these “Urban” cities is devolved with responsibility of better spatial
planning, planned use of physical and natural resources along with better environmental policies
promotion. Now country boosts of not only 4 or 5 but more than 20 good size metropolitan
areas. Here are the main ones:
Delhi: City State, Large sprawl planned as national capital region, NCR, has noticeable
agriculture dependent community along with “cosmo” class people, enjoyed new world’s
business growth
Mumbai: Industrial, Almost 50% area is slum area, recently grew in size with addition of “Navi
Mumbai”
Kolkata: Colonial, Only “old age” metropolitan spread is real urban sprawl, largely untouched
by recent computing, IT and services industry growth
Chennai: Colonial, Not so large spread, old British era planned township, mostly similar to
Kolkata
Bangalore: City State; Same as Delhi, Very large sprawl with significant agriculture dependent
community, was home to major wave of computing and IT industry growth
As one would imagine, Population in Delhi and Bangalore with significant agriculture
dependent community in metropolitan spread felt more development related “social” anxiety
over Chennai, Kolkata and Mumbai, the cities which only have urban, semi-urban and slum
populations.
3) Major focus of central government for “Metro” culture development support was:
 Creation of Global Hubs for job market development to support wave of “Urbanization”
 SEZ, EPZ and industry corridor setups
 Global business partnerships
 Multinationals in India
 Support rise of “Consumerism” in urban areas (Something that would create secondary
job market for semi-urban population). This would include promotion of automobile use,

8. car ownership, credit cards and other financial products use, organized retail stores for
better price competition and logistics infrastructure development , Mall-culture for
balance between spending and saving etc .
 Most of the towns in country saw improvement in air connectivity with addition of many
more international airports and routes. People started enjoying international travels
including air travels for not just business but travel, tourism and entertainment as well.
Some of the new very good air travel connectivity choices area: Korea, Singapore/Hong
Kong, Nordic and Dutch region, Australia
2. Outline of reforms: Top economic segments
The “1991” UN sponsored reforms for India were not just economic reforms. They
impacted India profoundly in almost every walk of life up to the very common men’s day to
day life including his social, cultural, community relations and family life aspects. More on
reform is in next section:
Reforms: Outline or main points:
1. Economic liberalization
2. Abolishment of license raj
3. Corporate tax and export/import reforms
4. Changes in fiscal and monetary policies
5. FDI (Foreign direct investment) in multiple sectors
6. Financial liberalization
7. Globalization, privatization
8. Industrialization and urbanization
Reforms as central policy:
“All parties” Agreed to reforms agenda (BJP govt. NDA govt. worked on common program)
Privatization as visible theme:
Transporation: Maruti Udyog
Communication: VSNL
Oil: ONGC
Airlines: Air-India and Indian Airline
Commodity: Bharat Aluminum Company, Hindustan Zinc Limited
Infrastructure development on the side:
 Cochin International Airport
 Delhi Airport
 Hyderabad International Airport

9.  Mumbai Airport
 Electrification of railway tracks
 Few good new “Dam” projects
 Significant improvement in “Road” network both in quality and coverage length
 STP setups
 Private in “Real estate development”
And last but not the list “Business” also:
 Financial markets
 Banking sector development
 Import/Export infra: EPZ/SEZ
 Small and mid-size business reforms (GST move)
 FDI and Welcome mat for “Multinationals”
Privatization and “growth” of education sector:
 Education standards and benchmarking Parity with rest of the world
 Entrance exams based selection in national universities and institutes for cross states
education boards’ education standards normalization
 Start of many “4 years” programs for international parity
 Privatization of Tech and Med education (many new institutes)
Sample Parities Chart:
1. Technical Education :
a. Top 5 India -> Top 20 US (Multiply by 4)
b. Top 20 India –> Top 100 US (Multiply by 5)
c. Top 100 India –> Top 1000 US (Multiply by10) --- Long tail curve – Steep
drop from 100 - 1000
2. Business and healthcare education: (rough world mappings)
a. Top 5 India -> Top 100 US/global (Target multiple 20)
b. Top 20 India –> Top 300 US/global (Target multiple 15)
c. Top 100 India –> Top 700 US/global (Target multiple 7) --- Bell curve global
mapping centered at around 400 (good source of nursing and accountants)
3. Arts and Literature
a. Even worse mostly personal interest barring 5-6 good places
b. World rankings of even top places close to 600 – 1000 US
4. Skills based career development –
a. different for different job market i.e. middle east is very different market and
US is very different
b. Indian do well – relatively honest and hardworking
c. Very good learners as well

10. Technology and technology service partnerships:
Effort started with establishment of semi-government & government seeded private
“Technology” sector in early 1980 eg.
CDOT, CEERI, CDAC, CMC
Services & Outsourcing industry: Start late 1990ies
Quality-R&D outsourcing: Top 20 only
Cheap-cost-R&D outsourcing trends: Probably 250 organizations now
3. Reforms major achievements and future direction
Country has been under constant and focused cycle of directional reforms since last 40
years. Efforts were not in vain though. If we just highlight some of the achievements and
possible future dimensions, efforts’ impact on not only country but the whole world would be
clearly visible. Here are few rewards:
1) Reforms’ major achievements
Major themes in economic reforms process were:
1) Privatization drive:
Multiple divestures such as
ONGC, Indian Oil, VSNL, Maruti Udyog
2) Investments and infra for strong foundations:
Changes in Tax/corporate finance policies:
Fiscal policy
Monetary policy
World bank relationship
Balance of trade planning
SEZ & EPZ
Airports and shipping routes
Better rules for FDI
3) Policy changes for uniform growth, social uplift-ment, and secure borders:
Betterment in:
Trade and tariffs charging
Cross border investments
Targeted subsides and economic packages
Improved government’s controllership and audit oversight

11. 2) Reforms’ focus “2010 onwards”
Creation of better worldwide job markets for India’s top graduates:
 Diversification of international job markets: Investment returns’ analysis; Risk-reward
analysis
 Business vs. jobs market participation scenario test in international job placements such
as US-H1 program
 Test and benchmark conditions for “business development” in creation of international
job markets with full cognizance of local factors (needed for proper job market rankings)
 International job market factors vs. technology partnerships in international placements
drives
 Development of “6-7 levels” of international talent management expertise in managers
(almost needed now in some job markets)
Follow or lead major international technology development programs worldwide such as:
 Computing and telecommunication industry’s leadership move from UK to US
 High-end knowledge manpower needs from developing countries “BRIC” growth –
Outsourcing/In-sourcing
 Government supported technology industry partnerships “green-tech” in US (Identify
most impactful relationships)
 Drive for “Silicon Valley 2” in Europe
 “New” Software and computing talent markets in Germany and Russia
New possible direction in technology in-sourcing:
 Develop focus for skill and process jobs and remove focus from electronics and
computing products development which are under heavy price and cost competition
internationally such as:
Basic telephony – import
Basic internet tech – import
Low end computers, laptops - imports
Cell phone – import
Pre-factory tech low focus – import
Learner mode in “Services” sector growth:
 Knowledge, process, back-office - global focus
 Corporate business (Clean and agile), Financial Markets (Technology and Workings)

12. Diversify reforms focus that was geared towards western countries’-centric investments and
infra development push driven by growth in private sector, multinational and global corporate
talent employment:
 Investment and managerial finance
 Sales and marketing finance
 Corporate finance
 Venture capital and private equity finance
 Financial restructuring consulting
 Financial markets reporting and analytics
 Private sector growth
 Job opportunity and career choice selections
4. More on privatization drive
Apart from private sector development at home and creation of government infrastructure
for support of smooth functioning of small and medium size businesses, when it comes to
changes in financing, tax, duties, shipping, supply chain, logistics, export and import; effects of
privatization drive on local and international job market is also certainly mentionable. Here is
how job market for young Indians look like at very high level now:
“Post 1991 Liberalization, Privatization, Globalization,” integrated job market segments are now
diverse to the tune of almost equal representation of all types of jobs in economy i.e. High end
knowledge & High stress professional (Global), White-color & Entrepreneurial (Business &
Technical), International & Worker (Industry), Blue-color & Handyman (Skill) and
Temp/Unemployed(Mobile).:
20%: Global workforce
20%: High-end technical or business skills
20%: Profit centric, self employed, small and medium size businesses
20%: Skill & growth target segments
Rest “Urbanization mobility”
Very strong control on legal structure and rules is must when big change happens in any
place. Some of the developing segments in business, employment and corporate policy under
privatization drive because of the change as mentioned before are:
Localization and internationalization of:
 Tax finance, Fiscal policy, Monetary policy
 Integration into World bank system
 Balance of trade, subsides and tariffs
 Conducive policy and rules for cross border investments and job markets
 Subsides and economic packages
 Financial markets

13.  Controllership and audit oversight
In last 3 decades “Skills” driven economic middle class growth and SME sector creation &
development has helped:
 Retail sector development
 Small and mid-size business segment growth (financial as well as logistics support
initiatives)
 Banking and personal finance
 Trade up-skilling and education reimbursements, renting and mortgage support markets
 Overseas assignments and projects, money transfer, travel and health plan finance
 Banking finance for small businesses, P&L services and savings and loans support
 Industrial corridor setups -custom and excise duty finance, export import help
 Corporate business workflow outsourcing/in-sourcing services industry setup (recent
retail sector reforms)
– ADP, Salesforce, Ariba,FedEx, UPS types of services companies
 Retirement income, insurance and wealth management infra services
 Shadow job market for semi-skilled and semi-urban workers
High end services industry growth has created:
 Manufacturing industry with
o Business cycles ( 40 years history now) and need for government’s intervention
for smooth functioning/business cycle management
o Import/export needs at gross root level hence better connectivity between
logistics, supply chain, shipping, courier, duty, tax and packaging industry
o Price competition and product classes and hence need for marketing and
advertising, promotions, whole-sale-retail structure
 Internationalized “Auto/Oil/Transporation/Air” services with
o Self-reliance goal in oil (Overall energy has been volatile market)
o Need for high end global standard talent, and connectivity into adjacent industries
for better efficiencies (Robotic Process Automation, Robotics, Electrical and
electronics, Automation and Applied Intelligence)
 IT, Computers, Software dependency
o Talent and brand game almost global competition for even local players
o Corporate and education brands for skill-set and hiring parity between
local/international
o Easy access to Global and big markets
 Better global “social and cultural fit” needing
o Capability for guests and hosts role-play in high-end skills’ services market
o Keen eye in sensitive situation
o Sophistication in dealing
 World class and one of the fastest growing travel and tourism industry
o Segment is now as big as IT. Software, Computing (13%)

14. Privatization drive’s marriage with talent development; Changes in education system for:
 New economy jobs
o Global and entrepreneurial jobs
 Research and development jobs
o Mega projects and efforts, long term plans, end to end connectivity & leadership
 Government effort in high end knowledge and business jobs creation
o Government’s prudent and fiduciary investment, business infra and fair hiring for
market growth
 Existing job market betterment
o Better skilled workforce with next gen education credentials
Homogenous cross segment economic development with almost equal focus on all segments
helping:
 Telecommunication, Airlines, Scientific research
 Banking, Financials, Urban development
 Oil, Auto
 Healthcare, Insurance
 Agri-business, Retail
 Retirement, Wealth management, Real-estate
5. Post reform cultural and social changes
Post reform major visible themes in society as we have already highlighted are:
Rising middle class: Decent mid range middle class living standards
Urban real estate: Pride in ownership
City growths and transportations needs: Auto industries growth, Road and safety
Banking and finance: Banking/Loans/Mortgages/Credit
Private sector job markets: Professional education/Credential and certifications
Here are some more new trends:
 Demographics trends: Population: Religion/Castes/Region mostly disappearing, Job
markets for all Age/Sex/Color
 Increase in population mobility: From thousands of cultural silos in five “Virtual
Metro States”: North, Center, South, West and East to now 100+ growing towns and
cities
 Population and genetic mixing with employment related long term cross country
moves: Indo-Greek, Indo-Aryan, Indo Iranian, Dravidian, Indic, Sino-Tibetan

15.  Social and cultural implications of population mixing: Historical four major
religion/genetics/region/caste subsections/categories and traits to new developing 10s
of social, fit and cultural traits based groups such as skills, social status, labor class,
sexual orientation, language and food preferences etc
Genetic disposition and generation experience effect on population make up, family
environment and even on effects of social networking to the tune of creation of “new classes”:
1) Language, Discipline, Conduct, Analytical ability (Education, Finance, Law and order,
Research, Science and technology, Value add services)
2) “Farmers” of some sort, Harvesting cycles (Agri-business, Governance, Policing,
Industry)
3) Hands on crafts and arts (Carpenter, Tailor, Gardener, Goldsmith, Iron-smith, Barber,
Electrician as Job preference)
4) Support work, peasantry & servitization (Construction-Plumbers, Mason, Service
workers-Hotel, Travel-Tourism, Social amenities workers)
6. World’s “new” economic growth: a 2020 view (next 40 years gross):
I was looking at the world’s economic growth data and noticed some very big future
business growth trends. One more noticeable thing was that there is hardly any negative scenario
or anti-thesis trend that one can pitch and would make anyone think about different outputs,
gross numbers, policy divergence, GDP or population growth rates, new world order and
economic cumulative etc.
Here are some very high level “trend” numbers:
1. GDP(in trillions) per annum: very simple trending and growth rate adjustments over next
40 years i.e. period of next generation’s life events such as higher education, job,
commute, family, housing, finance, future life and entertainment planning and of-course
all the rest .
2. Growth rates: Expected or trending plus very high level trend adjustments based on
policy shifts data, rate corrections only based on international factors, new markets
growth trends etc
3. Differential new addition per year over 2020 base (new economy and growth )
4. Cumulative next 40 years and then “per decade” slice of those numbers (numbers in
$trillions)

16. Here are comparatives.
New economy (New job markets, entrepreneurship, new government and private infra
projects, new products and unplanned breakthroughs): PPP gross GDP
1) India: Gross next 40 years: Base 12T pa @ 7%): World view (2020 to 2060)
1800T+ gross addition and 2045 at still 6% annual growth rate (Fixed infra: Nascent)
Population still young (Generation already in schools)
2) China: Gross next 40 years: Base 20T pa @ 5%): World view (2020 to 2060)
1300T+ gross addition and 2045 at still 3+% annual growth rate (Fixed infra: Fresh)
Population aging (Generation is in workforce since last 5+ years or so)
3) USA: Gross next 40 years: Base 27T pa @ 2+/-%): World view (2020 to 2060)
500T+ gross addition and 2045 at 1 - 2% annual growth rate (Fixed infra: Would start
aging)
Population Aged (Economic boom would show fading when it is compared with rest of
the world’s growth)
Fast forward 10 more years (2030 New economy view – next 30 years, assuming no
major world event): “T is for trillion”
1) India case:

17.  Last decades (2020-2030) gross 57T
 Next decade gross at ~230T
 More than 150T per annum by 2060 and 2060 still at around 5%
 Decade of 2050-2060 gross ~1000T (Fixed infra: Fresh, next generation’s middle
age)
 Young population but growth mostly stabilizing, still some new economy left
2) China case:
 Last decades (2020-2030) gross 64T
 Next decade gross at ~220T
 100T+ per annum by 2060 and 2060 at 3%
 Decade of 2050-2060 gross ~700T (Fixed infra buildup only phase)
 Aging but still some froth (Population stable for decade plus)
3) US case:
 Last decade (2020-2030) gross 32T
 Next decade gross at ~100T
 In 60 – 70T per annum range by 2060 and 2060 at normal inflation+ growth range
 Decade of 2050-2060 gross ~300T (Fixed infra with years of aging, immigration and
only “breakthrough” bursts driven growth)
 Aged population with totally new demographics
By that time i.e. by 2050 many small countries such as Nigeria, Pakistan, Indonesia etc
would have similarly growing economies but overall growth opportunity probably would not
match this enormous development bubble that is in making at this point (big population centers
like US, India and China trending and marching in same “growth” oriented direction) and “The
World” would see the impact in next 20 to 30 years. Scale is of the tune of Zillions of dollars of
“newness” in next two to three decades’ gross.
After spending about 15 years in US mostly in Silicon Valley, CA and New York/New
Jersey area, I was in India for 3 years from 2010 to 2013. One couldn’t help but notice big
changes in life style, means of transportation, access to healthcare, admissions and education for
young kids, retail and basic real estate infrastructure, workplace and office environment changes
which have taken place in last 30 years. Transition from “US living” to “spending your time in
India” was not a big effort. Here are some of the major noticeable “trend” changes
 Education is mostly international standard
 Access to good healthcare is almost at par with developed world if not cheap

18.  Life is almost as easy as it is here including basic and trivial necessities such as cooking
along with variety of food items and household products, air-conditioning in houses,
furnishings and electricity, water, fuel oil , roads and general cleanliness in living quarters
 Workplace and office environment matches global standards
 Common knowledge about access to amenities is much more because of increase in general
awareness, “media” sectors’ growth and its access
 Consumption of and access to international class print and video media is much better
 World class sports infrastructure is common and variety of hobbies or games choices is
superb
For someone who grew up and spent early part of adult life in India of late eighties and
early nineties as middle class person competing for similar type economic resources as
mentioned above, basic comparisons between then and now would not just be a normal tick. In
starting stage of this growth of developing India from 1985 to 1995, effort for access to similar
type of opportunities and amenities was magnitudes more strenuous.
Here are some parameters for comparison purposes when you would compare that effort
with “standard” effort package of today:
a) 2000 “performance stages” of all types in 10 years span (lots of experimentation):
Was on some type of stage almost every other day and “type” of stage was different
every time from school “local” to “national” and from “Yoga” to “International Gymnastics” and
so on. Here is the summarized list at very high level:
a) Music/Prayer/News Reading
b) Physical Training
c) Speech/Announcements/Welcome
d) Cultural Programs (Songs, Dances)
e) School Band
f) Sports(Athletics, Cricket, Football, Badminton, Hockey, Gymnastics, Cycling)
g) Strength Training/Volunteer/Social Work Events
h) Special tests, entrance exams., general knowledge tests
b) 700 trips through Delhi metro (EISLN):
I started traveling alone in public transportation at around age of 14 years. Between age
14 to age 22 (age when I landed here is US for my next 15 years of career, job and education), I
had made about 700 Delhi Metro trips alone for my projects, school and personal outings for
1) Educational related work
2) Special projects (IQ) related searches
3) Sports related events

19. 4) Extra-curricular activities, additional academic requirements and trips related to
admissions process
5) Social interaction related (meeting with friends. family members and other links)
It involved buying need specific products for classroom, sports, admission material
such as exam prep material and admissions applications related work. I did all of this alone as
my personal projects in most cases and I was soul decision maker about products, brands and
ney/ye says etc.
Day to Day Economics and Decisions
Popular brands of today such as Reebok, Adidas, Nike, Haldiram, Mcdonald, Pizza-hut,
Auqafina and other types of bottled water (Adani), Even Pepsi and Coco-cola, Dell, Intel,
Microsoft, International magazine brands such as Life, Times, Readers Digest were not so
popular and were not readily available in those day. Even competition for admissions in top
programs such as IITs, CBSE-Med, IIM was much more challenging and there was very little
common knowledge about admissions process in general.
Few weeks ago I looked at admissions data and calculated admissions odds. In that
process, I figured out that it is about only 33% of the challenge today when you compare it with
old days challenging odds. (About 10,000 total seats for 200,000 aspirants 30 years ago vs.
75,000 good seats for about 500,000 aspirants now for career selections at around age 17). High
level district data analysis for admission odds is as follows:
District level data (Career choices at 17th
+/- years of age):
Top 10%:
Career Choices: Medicine, Engineering, Specially professional programs (Integrated
degrees/Business leadership programs, Army programs, Navy/Merchant navy program, Railway
program, Sports programs, Specialized research careers, Music and other performing arts
programs etc.)
Admissions: Competition, Tests, Interviews, Essays, Viva-voce, Physical Tests, Sports
events
Course-work: Rigorous course-work
Next 30%:
Career Choices: Accounting, Finance, Commerce, Teaching, Local small and medium
business management/Leadership, Manufacturing, Lab work etc.
Admissions & specialized course work: Competition tests and benchmark course tests

20. Average 40%:
Job Choices: Clerical jobs, Local office job, Schools and Healthcare jobs
Admissions: Some testing
Bottom 20%: Hourly jobs/Farm work, other production support jobs etc
Clearly admission is just one of the hurdles though. Going through talent appropriate
and rigorous course work is even higher level of hurdle. We have globally developed in almost
all fields of study over last 3 to 4 decades and now there is much more knowledge
“accumulation” available to teachers for growing future talent as per requirements’ taste.
Going through the course work was probably not as challenging as it is today as there
are many more subject matter choices and there is almost unspoken requirement for curricular to
be at par with international standards for it to be suitable for global job market in most of the top
education places. On top of it, adequate infrastructural facilities are easily available to everyone
during the period of their student academic life for their better skill-sets development.
The competition for access to academic resources is less as mentioned above making
everyone’s program almost same class (standard profiles). One had to make special effort for
brand names access whether it was personal use stuff, sport equipment or education brand in old
days. Here is a “Little” list on my 700 trips, the ones which I made in approximately 6 to 7 years
of academic career. It was mostly just for my own projects (Edu. 190, Spl. Projs (IQ) 160,
Sports 150, Leadership and Networking another 200 trips). Detailed are in the table:

21. As everyone knows nothing comes free and there are no free lunches. Odds are better
and facilities are better but there had been billions of dollars of investment in infrastructure
creation and development. Since investment has to be paid off, access to education is relatively
expensive though and coursework work would probably be better hurdle over old days when
world standards were not so much in practice. People had to go out and study in foreign institutes
for better skills and that was additional expense, one that you may avoid now (You may go out
of your Indian program and work in international jobs right away).
In developing economies such as the one that of India, inflation at gross numbers’ level
(5% to 6% year to year) usually runs high and could result into big differences in nominal and
real prices of goods and services. However, if most of the common men’s expense happens in
local economy and local economy grows with at least expense growth rate, big denominations of
currency notes exchanges should not become such a big problem for consumers as corporate and
government profits are mostly local and business could bear year to year salary level adjustments
while also accounting for inflationary adjustments along with life style improvement and
technological advancements.
It would mostly just result into “Seigniorage” of a sort and that can’t be a big problem
if you just check and manage everyone’s base , average, consumer basket items (upto 90% or so
local with very less overspending in case of India) carefully. In this mentioned scenario,
currency would mostly play role of a “barter note” and it would just create need for enough note
printing capacity for treasury’s fiscal and monetary policy control knobs. Cross
border/international trade inflation impact could be easily neutralized in that case as it would
have very less fiscal footprint. Real growth parameters (i.e. production, real prices, wages, jobs
and employment, life style gain) would be the only parameters which matter and would mostly
be “local”. If inflation impact on most of the consumers neutralizes every year by their personal
economic worth growth i.e. real estate value, personal wealth and salary growth and people save
good along with not overspending, thought of any financial crisis would not ever cross your
mind.
Hopefully, given current political alignment along with fiscal control both at government
and personal level, India would never run into any big political, economic or financial crisis and
growth momentum would stay there for multiple decades to come.
7. Summary of reforms impact
At very high level impact of reforms can be outlined as achievements and dream-fulfillments
Summary as Achieved Results:
 Size of economy

22. GDP (PPP): ~10T
GDP per capita: ~ 8K
GDP growth rate: ~8%
Segment wise details of India’s economy:
 World leadership in economic segments
GDP (PPP): 3
GDP growth rate: 15
Space competitiveness: 6
IT sector competitiveness: 18
 Ranks in world
Mobile phone in use: 1
Internet users: 2
Net migrants: 2
 Political and defense alignment across global
Corporate Governance: 20
Military Strength: 5
National Power: 3
 Uniform development across country (10 Zones, 20 Metros)
Metros:
https://seekingalpha.com/instablog/420455-anil-sharma/5232165-investment-
destinations-india-globalization-20-major-metros
City Scores:

23. https://seekingalpha.com/instablog/420455-anil-sharma/5232171-investment-
destinations-india-metro-development-drivers-development-needs
 Leadership in education, healthcare, industry and world policy
English speaking population: 2
Numbers of universities: ~800
UN contribution: $34 million
Expected healthcare sector growth CAGR: 29% ($280B by 2020)
Export destinations: India 2006 (Source: Wikipedia)
Someone said “Life is very different from what you learn in books.” My question was very simple “From
where do the books come?” ------ Anonymous
References:
1. Wikipedia
2. Internet search
3. Python programming