Mutagenic effectiveness measures the frequency of mutations induced per unit dose of mutagen. It is calculated by dividing the mutation frequency by the mutagen dose. Mutagenic efficiency indicates the proportion of mutations relative to undesirable effects like lethality. It is calculated by dividing the mutation rate by the biological damage. The document analyzes the effectiveness and efficiency of different physical and chemical mutagens like gamma rays, EMS, MMS, and sodium azide. It found that EMS had the highest effectiveness and efficiency at inducing chlorophyll mutations in plants. Different types of chlorophyll and viable mutants were observed in M2 generations exposed to mutagens.

1. Mutagenesis Effectiveness and efficiency
Made by – Anchal Agarwal
Submitted to – Dr. Varsha Ma’am
Course – Mutagenesis and Mutation
Breeding

2. What is Mutagenic Effectiveness?
Mutagenic Effectiveness is a measure of frequency of mutations
induced by unit dose of mutagen.
The Mutagenic Effectiveness is calculated on the basis of formulae
suggested by Konzak et al.,
Mutagenic Effectiveness= Mutation Frequency %
Mutagen Dose

3. In case of Physical Mutagen,
Mutagenic Effectiveness= MF*100/krad
Where krad is the unit of absorbed mutagenic radiation in
kilorad dose..
In case of Chemical Mutagens,
Mutagenic Effectiveness= MF*100/c*t
Where dose= Concentration (c) * Treatment duration (t)
• MF= Chlorophyll/ viable mutant per 100 M2 plants
• t= Period of treatment with chemical Mutagen in Hours.

4. What is Mutagenic efficiency?
•Mutagenic efficiency is the frequency of mutations recovered for
each unit of injury caused by Mutagen treatment.
• It is an indicative of proportion of mutations against undesirable
biological effects such as chromosomal aberrations, lethality and
sterility.
Mutagenic Efficiency= Rate of Mutations (MP)* Biological damage in
M1 generation

5. On the basis of lethality,
the highest Mutagenic efficiency was recorded at 50KR of gamma rays
and the lowest Mutagenic efficiency was observed at 70KR of gamma
rays.
On the basis of injury,
The maximum Mutagenic efficiency was observed at 50KR of gamma
rays and the lowest Mutagenic efficiency was observed at 70KR of
gamma rays.

6. Mutagenic efficiency = Mutation Frequency % in M1
Lethality %
On basis of Effectiveness;
1. MMS( Methyl Methane Sulphonate)
2. SA(Sodium Azide)
3. EMS(Ethyl Methane Sulphonate)
On basis of efficiency;
1. EMS(Ethyl Methane Sulphonate)
2. MMS(Methyl Methane Sulphonate)
3. SA(Sodium Azide)

7. CHLOROPHYLL MUTANT
It is one of the most dependable indices for the evaluation of Mutagenic
Effectiveness via frequency of chlorophyll mutant in M2 generation.
Types of Chlorophyll mutant –
1. Albina
2. Chlorina
3. Viridis
4. Virescent
5. Tigrina

9. • On the seedling basis of M2 generation, progressive increase in the
frequency of Chlorophyll mutations was observed with increase in all
Mutagenic dose or concentration.
1. Albino mutant leaves were white in colour, due to absence of
pigment of all types. This was leaded to the death of the plants at
10-15 days after germination.
2. Xantha mutant leaves turned yellow in colour due to the absence
of xanthophyll.

10. 3. Chlorina mutants showed all chlorophyll pigment are absent in
treated plants compared to control.
4. Young leaves were pale green in colour during maturity time.
One or two mutants were observed at all Mutagenic treatments.
It is final observed that in M2 generation EMS(Ethyl Methane
Sulphonate) was more pronounced in inducing chlorophyll mutations
than gamma rays.
Among the spectrum of Chlorophyll, the viridis which is less drastic
mutation was more pronounced than that of albina which is a extreme
mutation.

11. Viable mutant
Some of morphological or viable mutant were observed in M2
generation with different doses of gamma rays and EMS treatment.
50mM of EMS produced more number of viable mutant than gamma
rays treatments.
Tall and dwarf mutant were recorded at 50 kr of gamma rays and
50mM of EMS in lathyrus sativus
Maximum number of leaf mutant were recorded at 50 mM of EMS
treatments.