Calculadora de huella de carbono

List of Assumptions for Household GHG Calculator
Last Update: 01/09/2014
Description of Factor Value Unit Assumptions Source Vintage of Data
Household Vehicles
Pounds of CO2 emitted per gallon 19,6 lbs CO2/gallon
A gallon of gasoline is assumed to produce 8.887 kilograms (or 19.6
pounds) of CO2. This gasoline factor is from a recent regulation
establishing GHG standards for model year 2012- 2016 vehicles (75
FR 25324, May 7, 2010).
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011, Average Annual
Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Gasoline-Fueled Passenger
Cars and Light Trucks,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf
2011
Ratio of emissions of greenhouse gases other
than CO2
1,01 lbCO2e/lbCO2
In addition to carbon dioxide, automobiles produce methane (CH4) and
nitrous oxide (N2O) from the tailpipe, as well as HFC emissions from
leaking air conditioners. The emissions of CH4 and N2O are related to
vehicle miles traveled rather than fuel consumption, and the emissions
of CH4, N2O, and HFCs are not as easily estimated from a vehicle as
for CO2. On average, CO2 emissions represent 95-99% of the total
greenhouse gas emissions from a passenger vehicle. CH4, N2O, and
HFC emissions represent roughly 1-5% of the total greenhouse gas
emissions from passenger vehicles, after accounting for the global
warming potential of each greenhouse gas. To simplify this estimate, it
is assumed that CH4, N2O, and HFCs account for 1.5 percent of
emissions, and the CO2 estimate was multiplied by 100/98.65 to
incorporate the contribution of the other greenhouse gases. These
percentages are estimated from the EPA Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse
Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990 - 2011.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Average Annual
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2013. Inventory of U.S.
Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks: 1990-2011. Chapter 3
(Energy), Tables 3-12, 3-13, and 3-14.
2011
Passenger Vehicle Fuel Economy 21,6
miles per gallon
(mpg)
Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2012, Table
VM-1. Average miles traveled per gallon of fuel consumed,
passenger cars and other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2012/vm1.cfm.
See also U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2000, Average
Annual Emissions and Fuel Consumption for Gasoline-Fueled
Passenger Cars and Light Trucks,
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf.
2012
Average miles traveled per year per vehicle 11.398 miles per year 219 miles per week
Federal Highway Administration, Highway Statistics 2012, Table
VM-1. Average miles traveled per vehicle, passenger cars and
other 2-axle 4-tire vehicles.
http://www.fhwa.dot.gov/policyinformation/statistics/2012/vm1.cfm.
2012
Average emissions for a typical vehicle 10.484 lbs CO2e/vehicle (1/21.6 mpg)*11,398 miles/year*19.6 lbs CO2/gallon*CO2e / CO2
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009, Average Annual
http://www.epa.gov/otaq/consumer/420f08024.pdf
2011
Home Energy
NATURAL GAS
Average monthly consumption of natural gas 5.500
cubic feet of natural
gas/household
Average monthly consumption of 5,500 cubic feet of gas, or average
annual consumption of 66 thousand cubic feet per household. Average
household size is 2.57.
U.S. Energy Information Administration 2012. A Look at
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009-Table CE2.1.
http://www.eia.gov/consumption/residential/data/2009/index.cfm?vi
ew=consumption
2009
Price per thousand cubic feet of natural gas $10,68
dollars/1000 cubic
feet
Energy Information Administration: US Residential Natural Gas
Prices. 2013. 2012 annual average.
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/ng/ng_pri_sum_dcu_nus_a.htm
2012
Average cost of natural gas $1,04 dollars/therm Conversion 2012
Carbon coefficient of natural gas 14,46 Tg C/QBtu 116.89 lbs CO2/MMBtu
EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks:
1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/usinventoryrepor
t.html
2011
Emission factor (natural gas/therm) 11,7
lbs CO2/therm
natural gas
Calculation - EPA, Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks: 1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
t.html
2011
Emission factor (natural gas/thousand cubic feet) 119,58
lbs CO2/1000 cubic
feet of natural gas
Carbon coefficient of natural gas * ratio of CO2 to carbon * energy
content of natural gas * lbs to teragrams conversion * QBtu/10
15
Btu
t.html
2011
Average annual CO2 emissions from natural gas
per household
7.892
lbs CO2/household
(natural gas)
Typical annual CO2 emissions of about 7,900 pounds per household
based on national average monthly consumption of 5,500 cubic feet of
gas.
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual CO2 emissions from natural gas
per household of one person
3.071 lbs CO2/year/person
Average emissions per household/average household size. Assumes
average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2009

Average monthly cost of natural gas per
household of one person
$22,86 dollars/month/person
Average monthly natural gas consumption/average household
size*price per thousand cubic feet of natural gas/1000. Assumes
Calculation 2012
ELECTRICITY
Average monthly electricity consumption per
household
943
kWh/month/househol
d
Average annual electricity consumption is 11,320 kWh per household,
or 943 kWh per month per household. Average household size is 2.57.
ew=consumption
2009
Average US price per kWh $0,1188 dollars/kWh
U.S. Energy Information Administration, Electric Power Monthly-
September 2013, Table 5.3 (Average Retail Price of Electricity to
Ultimate Customers, Residential Sector).
http://www.eia.gov/electricity/monthly/epm_table_grapher.cfm?t=e
pmt_5_3
2012
Electricity emissions factors are categorized by
geographic subregion: see EGRID_DATA.
See
Emission_Factor
s tab
lbs CO2e/kWh varies by subregion
EPA. eGRID 9th edition Version 1.0 Subregion File (Year 2010
Data), 2014. http://www.epa.gov/cleanenergy/energy-
resources/egrid/index.html
2010
Average annual CO2e emissions from electricity
per household
14.020
lbs CO2e/household
(electricity)
Typical annual CO2 emissions are 14,020 pounds per household,
assuming approximately 943 kWh per month.
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual CO2e emissions from electricity
per household of one person
5.455
lbs
CO2e/year/person
Calculation 2009
Average montly cost of electricity per household of
one person
$43,61 dollars/month/person
Average monthly electricity consumption/average household size*price
per kWh of electricity. Assumes average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2012
FUEL OIL
Average monthly consumption of fuel oil per
household
46
gallons of fuel
oil/month
Average monthly consumption of 46 gallons of fuel oil, based on
annual average consumption of 551 gallons of fuel oil per household
per year. Average household size is 2.57.
ew=consumption
2009
Average price per gallon of fuel oil $4,02 dollars/gallon
Energy Information Administration, 2013. US No. 2 Heating Oil
Residential Prices - 2012 annual average.
http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/,
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=M_
EPD2F_PRS_NUS_DPG&f=M
2012
Carbon coefficient of fuel oil 20,17 Tg C/QBtu
1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
t.html
2011
Fuel oil emission factor (pounds of CO2/gallon fuel
oil)
22,61
lbs CO2/gallon of
fuel oil
Carbon coefficient of fuel oil * ratio of CO2 to carbon * energy content
of fuel oil * lbs to teragrams conversion * QBtu/10
15
Btu
t.html.
2011
Fuel oil emission factor (pounds of CO2/MMBtu
fuel oil)
163,05 lbs CO2/MMBtu lbs CO2/gallon * Btu/gallon * Btu to MMBtu conversion Calculation 2011
Average annual CO2 emissions from fuel oil per
household
12.460
lbs CO2/household
(fuel oil)
Typical annual CO2 emissions of 12,460 pounds per household based
on national average monthly consumption of 42 gallons of oil.
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual CO2 emissions from fuel oil per
Calculation 2009
Average monthly cost of fuel oil per household of
one person
$71,82 dollars/year/person
Average monthly fuel oil consumption/average household size*price
per gallon of fuel oil. Assumes average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2012
PROPANE
Average monthly consumption of propane (LPG)
per household
39 gallons of oil/month
Average monthly consumption of 39 gallons of propane per month,
based on annual average consumption of 464 gallons of propane per
household per year. Average household size is 2.57.
ew=consumption
2009
Price per gallon of propane $2,47
dollars/gallon
propane
Energy Information Administration, 2013. U.S. Propane
Residential Price - 2012 annual average,
http://www.eia.gov/petroleum/heatingoilpropane/,
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/hist/LeafHandler.ashx?n=PET&s=M_
EPLLPA_PRS_NUS_DPG&f=M
2012
Carbon coefficient for propane 16,83 Tg C/QBtu 136.05 lbs CO2/MMBtu
1990-2011, Annex 2,Table A-38.
t.html
2011
Propane emission factor (pounds of CO2/gallon
propane)
12,43
lbs CO2/gallon
propane
Carbon coefficient of propane * ratio of CO2 to carbon * energy content
of propane * lbs to teragrams conversion * QBtu/10
15
Btu
t.html
2011

Average annual emissions from propane per
household
5.766
lbs CO2/household
(propane)
Typical annual CO2 emissions of 5,766 pounds per household based
on national average monthly consumption of 39 gallons of propane.
ew=consumption
2009
Average annual emissions from propane per
Calculation 2009
Average monthly cost of propane per household of
one person
$37,16 dollars/year/person
Average monthly propane consumption/average household size*price
per gallon of propane. Assumes average household size of 2.57.
Calculation 2012
Waste
Average lbs CO2 equivalent generated from waste
per person per year
692
lbs
CO2e/year/person
from waste
Based on EPA's Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions
and Sinks 1990-2011, Chapter 8 (Waste), Table 8-3 and Chapter
3, Table 3-1, and EPA's annual Municipal Solid Waste
Characterization Report: Facts and Figures, 2011
2011
Average number of pounds of CO2 equivalent per
person per year that could be saved by recycling
metal
-89,38
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling metal
Calculations assume that it would be possible for households to recycle
100 percent of all recyclable materials generated as waste. The plastic
material type used in the calculator includes PET and HDPE, and the
metal material type includes aluminum and steel cans.
Emission factors were developed based on the methodologies
presented in U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2009. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle
Assessment of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004, and have
been updated since this report was published to reflect the most
current data on national waste generation and recovery rates. The
most recent versions of the emission factors used to inform these
figures are available in the EPA's WAste Reduction Model
(WARM).
2011
plastic
-35,56
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling plastic
Carbon dioxide equivalent emissions associated with household waste
management were calculated using the total emissions for landfills
(including incineration, landfill gas-to- energy projects, oxidation, and
flaring) and the United States population estimates from EPA's
Inventory of U.S. Greenhouse Gas Emissions and Sinks, 1990-2011.
The emission factors for each material type were developed by EPA
and presented in the Agency's report on greenhouse gas emissions
from waste management and in the online WAste Reduction Model
(WARM). These emission factors take into account the full material life
cycle; i.e., not only emissions at the landfill, but also emissions and
sequestration associated with production, manufacturing,
remanufacturing, forest carbon storage due to reduced harvests, etc.
The emission factor used for recycling materials in this calculator
compares greenhouse gas emissions from recycling with those
attributable to landfilling. This approach enables policy makers to
evaluate, on a per-ton basis, the overall difference in greenhouse gas
emissions between (1) recycling 1 ton of material and (2)
manufacturing and then managing (post-consumer) 1 ton of the same
material. Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2011. Solid
Waste Management and Greenhouse Gases: A Life-Cycle Assessment
of Emissions and Sinks, EPA530-R-06-004. WARM is available in the
Tools section of the Waste section of this Web site.
(WARM).
2011
glass
-25,39
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling glass
(WARM).
2011
newspaper
-113,14
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling newspaper
(WARM).
2011

magazines
-27,46
lbs
CO2e/year/person
avoided from
recycling magazines
(WARM).
2011
Average total emissions for household of one
person
19.702 lbs CO2e/year
The "average" figure here is the sum of the average values given
above, excluding fuel oil and propane.
2009
What You Can Do To Reduce Your Emissions
On the Road
Average variable cost per mile to drive 0,1964 dollars/mile
Transportation Energy Data Book. Table 10.12. Average variable
cost per mile, 2013. Includes gas, oil and maintenance, 2012
dollars. http://www-cta.ornl.gov/data/chapter10.shtml
2012
Increase in fuel efficiency from performing regular
maintenance on your vehicles
0,04 %
Properly inflating tires: Assumes an increase in fuel efficiency of 3
percent. Keeping your engine properly tuned: Assumes an increase in
fuel efficiency of 4 percent. Source: Environmental Protection Agency
and Department of Energy, Fuel Economy Website, 2011.
US EPA and US DOE Fuel Economy Website:
http://www.fueleconomy.gov/feg/maintain.jsp
2015
Price per gallon of gasoline $3,68
dollars/gallon
gasoline
EIA US Retail Gasoline Prices, 2013. Annual average price per
gallon of gasoline (all grades).
http://www.eia.gov/dnav/pet/pet_pri_gnd_dcus_nus_a.htm
2012
At Home
Savings per degree of setback (heating season) 0,03 %
ENERGY STAR CALCULATOR: Cost Estimate for Energy Star
Qualified Programmable Thermostats (2006)
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=thermostats.pr_thermostat
s
2006
Percentage of natural gas allotted to heating 0,63 %
2,873 billion cubic feet of natural gas consumed for space
heating/4,580 billion cubic feet total natural gas consumption
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009,Table CE4.1
2009
Percentage of electricity source allotted to heating 0,09 %
120 billion kWh of electricity consumed for space heating/1,286 billion
kWh total electricity consumption
2009
Percentage of fuel oil source allotted to heating 0,87 %
3,675 million gallons of fuel oil consumed for space heating/4,214
million gallons total fuel oil consumption
2009
Percentage of propane source allotted to heating 0,70 %
3,754 million gallons of LPG (propane) consumed for space
heating/5,384 million gallons total LPG consumption
2009
Percent of total electricity emissions accounted for
by air conditioning
0,14 %
186 billion kWh of electricity consumed for air conditioning/1,286 billion
kWh total electricity consumption
2009
Savings per degree of setback (cooling season) 0,06 %
ENERGY STAR CALCULATOR: Cost Estimate for Energy Star
Qualified Programmable Thermostats (2006)
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=thermostats.pr_thermostat
s
2004
Annual energy savings from enabling sleep feature
on computer and monitor
107,1 kWh
Enabling your computer's power management features can save
between 38 and 187 kWh per year.
Calculation 2014
Average annual unit computer energy (sleep
feature enabled, computer turned off at night):
70,7 kWh ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average annual unit computer energy (sleep
feature not enabled, computer turned off at night):
Average annual unit monitor energy (sleep feature
enabled, monitor turned off at night):
Average annual unit monitor energy (sleep feature
not enabled, monitor turned off at night):
Average estimated kWh per load 0,96 kWh
Assumes 295 loads/yr, 289 kWh/yr for machine energy and dryer
energy. Data is being referenced in support of assessing energy
savings from washing clothes in cold water only so water heating
energy is excluded - see 'Personal GHG Calculator' line 137
ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average energy consumption of a household dryer 769 kWh/year
EERE, amended federal standard (10 CFR 430.32(h)(3)) for
residential clothes dryers:
http://www1.eere.energy.gov/buildings/appliance_standards/produ
ct.aspx/productid/36
2014
Average premium of green power per kWh $0,02 dollars
EPA, Green Power Procurement.
http://epa.gov/statelocalclimate/documents/pdf/greenpowerprocure
ment508final.pdf
2014, refs. 2012
data
Annual kWh savings per lamp 33 kWh
Replacing 43 watt incandescent light bulbs with 13 watt compact
fluorescents: Assumes that lights are on for 3 hours per day.
Annual energy cost saving per lamp $4,00 dollars
Replacing 43 watt incandescent light bulbs with 13 watt compact
fluorescents: Assumes that lights are on for 3 hours per day.

Average kWh/year ENERGY STAR refrigerator 488 kWh/year ENERGY STAR Data Book Worksheet for 2014 2014
Average kWh/year old refrigerator 810 kWh/year
2000 refrigerator with a unit energy consumption of 704 kWh/yr
multiplied by a 1.1507 degradation factor. - based on AHAM data
Average kWh savings for refrigerator replacement 322 kWh/year
Difference between 2000 refrigerator with a unit energy consumption of
704 kWh/yr multiplied by a 1.1507 degradation factor and an ENERGY
STAR refrigerator (488 kWh/year).
Calculation 2014
Average emission savings for natural gas from
replacing boiler/furnace
728,0 lbs/year
Replacing a 15 year old standard 80 AFUE boiler or 78 AFUE furnace
with current ENERGY STAR boiler at 90 AFUE or Furnace at 95 AFUE
in the North and 90 AFUE in the South
Boiler and Furnace Replacement Savings spreadsheet 2014
Average emission savings for fuel oil from
replacing boiler/furnace
1056,0 lbs/year
Replacing a 20 year old standard 80 AFUE boiler or 78 AFUE furnace
with current ENERGY STAR boiler at 87 AFUE or Furnace at 85 AFUE
Annual energy cost savings from switching to a
boiler
$78,34 dollars
Annual cost savings of replacing a standard gas/oil boiler/furnace with
ENERGY STAR boiler/furnace
Average annual energy savings from switching
single pane windows to low-e ENERGY STAR
windows
25.210.000 BTUs
Assumes 2000 square-foot house, 300 square feet of glass. Source:
ENERGY STAR. Methodology based on RESFEN 3.1 calculations
performed by Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), 2005.
ENERGY STAR. Savings estimates were generated using a
methodology based on RESFEN 3.1 calculations performed by
Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL)
2005
Average annual energy cost savings from
changing to ENERGY STAR windows (ranges from
$150-$500 depending on climate)
$150 dollars $150 is low end of the $150-$500 range.
ENERGY STAR.
http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=windows_doors.pr_benefit
s
2011
Conversion Factors and Constants
Ratio of CO2 to Carbon 3,67 Ratio of CO2 to C, 44/12
Btu per Quadrillion Btu 1E+15 Btu/QBtu
Conversion from teragrams to pounds 2.204.622.620 lbs/teragram
Conversion from metric tons to lbs 2.204,62 lbs / metric ton
Conversion from thousand cubic feet of natural
gas to therms
10,23 therms/thousand cf 1 therm = 100,000 Btu
Conversion from liters to gallons 0,2642 gallons/liter
Energy content per 1000 cubic feet of natural gas 1.023.000
Btu/1000 cf natural
gas
HHV
EIA Annual Energy Review, 2012. Appendix A,
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf 2011
Energy content per kWh of electricity 3412 Btu/kWh HHV
MMBtu per barrel of fuel oil 5,825 MMBtu/barrel
Fuel oil conversion - barrels per liter 0,00629 barrels/L
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf; EPA
Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2011, Appendix
6. 2011
Energy content per gallon of fuel oil 138.691,09 Btu/gallon fuel oil HHV Calculation 2011
MMBtu per barrel of propane 3,836 MMBtu/barrel
Propane conversion - barrels per liter 0,00629 barrels/liter
http://www.eia.gov/totalenergy/data/annual/pdf/aer.pdf; EPA
Inventory of U.S. GHG Emissions and Sinks 1990-2011, Appendix
6. 2011
Energy content per gallon of propane 91.335,94 Btu/gallon propane HHV Calculation 2011
Average members/household 2,57 people
Residential Energy Consumption in 2009. 2009

Calculadora de huella de carbono

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Andere mochten auch

Andere mochten auch (20)

Ähnlich wie Calculadora de huella de carbono

Ähnlich wie Calculadora de huella de carbono (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Calculadora de huella de carbono