Silberschatz / OS Concepts

Silberschatz / OS Concepts / 6e - Chapter 1 IntroductionSlide 1
Chapter 1: IntroductionChapter 1: Introduction
What is an Operating System?
What are the components of an OS?
What does an OS do?
Short History of OSs
Different types of OSs

What is an Operating System?What is an Operating System?
A program that acts as an intermediary between a
user of a computer and the computer hardware.
Operating system goals:
 Execute user programs and make solving user problems
easier.
 Make the computer system convenient to use.
Use the computer hardware in an efficient manner.

Computer System ComponentsComputer System Components
1. Hardware – provides basic computing resources
(CPU, memory, I/O devices).
2.Operating system – controls and coordinates the
use of the hardware among the various application
programs for the various users.
3.Applications programs – define the ways in which
the system resources are used to solve the
computing problems of the users (compilers,
database systems, video games, business programs).
4.Users - (people, machines, other computers).

Abstract View of System ComponentsAbstract View of System Components

System ComponentsSystem Components
The operating system run in kernel or supervisor mode - protected
from user tampering
Compilers, editors and application programs run in user mode
Instruction Set
Architecture
Physical devices grouped
together to form functional
units
Integrated circuit chips,
power supply, CRT
Hides the complexity of
machine language from
programmer

Functions of an OSFunctions of an OS
User Environment - OS layer transforms bare
hardware machine into higher level abstractions
 Execution environment - process management, file
manipulation, interrupt handling, I/O operations,
language.
 Error detection and handling
 Protection and security
 Fault tolerance and failure recovery

Functions of an OSFunctions of an OS
Resource Management
 Time management
 CPU and disk transfer scheduling
 Space management
 main and secondary storage allocation
 Synchronization and deadlock handling
 IPC, critical section, coordination
 Accounting and status information
 resource usage tracking

History of Operating SystemsHistory of Operating Systems
Pre-electronic
 Charles Babbage (1792-1871) “analytical machine”
 Purely mechanical, failed because technology could not
produce the required wheels, cog, gears to the required
precision
First generation 1945 - 1955
 Aiken, von Neumann, Eckert, Mauchley and Zuse
 programming done via plugboards, no OS or language
 vacuum tubes

Second generation 1955 - 1965
 transistors more reliable than vacuum tubes
 jobs read in via punched cards
 batch systems introduced to reduce wasted time in
setting up and running jobs
•bring cards to 1401
•read cards to tape offline
•put tape on 7094 which does computing
•put tape on 1401 which prints output offline

Third generation 1965 – 1980
 IBM System/360: combine business and scientific computers into one
machine
 Computer will grow with client(memory, processor speed, number of I/O
devices etc.)
 Forerunner of 370, 4300, 3080 and 3090
 Use of integrated circuits provided major price/performance advantage over
2nd generation
 OS/360 had to meet conflicting needs which resulted in enormous and
complex operating system
 Introduced multiprogramming to make most efficient use of CPU
 Spooling: read jobs from cards to disk ready to load into memory and queue
output to disk for printing

In batch, total time from submitting a job to getting the output was a few
hours, very unproductive for programmers
Timesharing (a variant of multiprogramming) provides for user
interaction with the computer system
 On-line communication between the user and the system is provided; when the
operating system finishes the execution of one command, it seeks the next
“control statement” from the user’s keyboard.
 The CPU is multiplexed among several jobs that are kept in memory and on
disk (the CPU is allocated to a job only if the job is in memory).
 takes advantage of the idle CPU
 switch occurs so frequently that the user can interact with each program as it is
running
 each command is short so only a little CPU time is needed for each user
 each user is given the impression that the entire system is dedicated to his use
 Batch jobs could be running in background
 CTSS (Compatible Time Sharing System - MIT) was first success
Minicomputers and the development of UNIX
 UNIX was stripped down, one user version of MULTICS (extension of CTSS)
 Numerous variants : System V, BSD, POSIX (IEEE), MINIX, Linux

Fourth generation 1980 – present
 Large Scale Integrated chips
 personal computers
 1974: Intel developed 8080 chip (8 bit CPU), Gary Kildall wrote CP/M
OS (Intel gave him the rights) and formed Digital Research
 Early 1980s: IBM designed IBM PC. Bill Gates had BASIC interpreter
and recommended DR as an OS. Kildall sent subordinate to meeting
and refused to sign non-disclosure. Gates was asked for an OS, bought
DOS from Seattle Computer Products and offered IBM DOS/BASIC
package. Renamed it MS -DOS
 Early Windows versions ran on top of DOS, Windows 95 and beyond
and NT were full fledged OSs
 Network Operating Systems (user sees multiple computers)
 Distributed Operating Systems (user sees one processor)

Mainframe SystemsMainframe Systems
First computers used to solve many commercial and
scientific applications
 evolved from batch  time shared systems
Reduce setup time by batching similar jobs
 serial card readers were initial input device then disks enabled job
scheduling by the operating system
Automatic job sequencing – automatically transfers control
from one job to another.
 first rudimentary operating system.
 CPU often idle because of great differences in speed between
mechanical I/O vs. electronic devices
Early OS called resident monitor
 initial control in monitor
 control transfers to job
 when job completes control transfers pack to monitor
 eliminated intervention by programmer

Memory Layout for a Simple Batch SystemMemory Layout for a Simple Batch System

Multiprogrammed Batch SystemsMultiprogrammed Batch Systems
Several jobs from the pool of all submitted jobs are kept in main
memory at the same time, and the CPU is multiplexed among them.

OS Features Needed for MultiprogrammingOS Features Needed for Multiprogramming
Why multiprogramming?
 Increases CPU utilization by trying to always keep the
CPU busy processing some job
 I/O of one job causes switch to another job
Memory management – the system must allocate
the memory to several jobs.
CPU scheduling – the system must choose among
several jobs ready to run.
Allocation of devices.

Desktop SystemsDesktop Systems
Personal computers – computer system dedicated to a
single user.
I/O devices – keyboards, mice, display screens, small
printers.
User convenience and responsiveness.
Can adopt technology developed for larger operating
systems. Often individuals have sole use of computer and do
not need advanced CPU utilization of protection features.
May run several different types of operating systems
(Windows, MacOS, UNIX, Linux)

Parallel SystemsParallel Systems
Multiprocessor systems with more than on CPU in close
communication.
Tightly coupled system – processors share memory and a
clock; communication usually takes place through the
shared memory.
Advantages of parallel system:
 Increased throughput with more processors
 Economical – share peripherals, mass storage, power etc. as
opposed to individual PCs
 Increased reliability
 graceful degradation / fault tolerant
 failure of one processor will slow down but not halt the system
 other processors pick up the slack

Parallel Systems (Cont.)Parallel Systems (Cont.)
Symmetric multiprocessing
(SMP)
 Each processor runs and
identical copy of the
operating system.
 Many processes can run at
once without performance
deterioration.
 Most modern operating
systems support SMP
Asymmetric multiprocessing
 Each processor is assigned a specific task; controlling processor schedules
and allocates work to other processors.
 More common in extremely large systems

Distributed SystemsDistributed Systems
Distribute the computation among several physical
processors.
Loosely coupled system – each processor has its own local
memory; processors communicate with one another
through various communications lines, such as high-speed
buses or telephone lines.
Advantages of distributed systems.
 Resource sharing
 Computation speed up – load sharing
 Reliability
 Communications between processors and processes

Distributed Systems (cont)Distributed Systems (cont)
Requires networking infrastructure.
 TCP/IP is the most common network protocol
Local area networks (LAN) or Wide area
networks (WAN)
May be either client-server or peer-to-peer
systems.

Real-Time SystemsReal-Time Systems
Often used as a control device in a dedicated application such
as controlling scientific experiments, medical imaging systems,
industrial control systems, and some display systems.
Well-defined, fixed time constraints.
Hard real-time:
 Secondary storage limited or absent, data stored in short term memory,
or read-only memory (ROM)
 Not supported by general-purpose operating systems.
Soft real-time
 Limited utility in industrial control of robotics
 Useful in applications (multimedia, virtual reality) requiring advanced
operating-system features.

Handheld SystemsHandheld Systems
Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)
Cellular telephones
Issues:
 Limited memory (512KB to 8MB) requires efficient
management
 Slow processors
 Small display screens.

Migration of Operating-System Concepts and FeaturesMigration of Operating-System Concepts and Features

Silberschatz / OS Concepts

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