Introduction of Artificial Intelligence, Intelligent Agents, and Behaviors of Artificial Agents, Structure of Intelligent Agents. Problem solving and state space search, Uninformed Search, Heuristic search, Best‐ First Search, Heuristic Functions, Constraints satisfaction problem, Iterative Improvement Algorithms. (Recommended lab practice sessions: Games as Search Problems, Alpha‐Beta Pruning, State‐of‐the‐Art Game Programs.)

1. Unit-1
Artificial Intelligence (KME 062)
By A Nirala
Galgotias College of Engineering and
Technology, Greater Noida

2. Artificial Intelligence
Artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of
making intelligent machines.
Intelligence : “The capacity to learn and solve problems.”
Artificial Intelligence (AI) is the simulation of human intelligence by
machines.
1) The ability to solve problems.
2) The ability to act rationally.
3) The ability to act like humans.
Principles of Al
1) Reasoning, knowledge, planning, learning and communication.
2) Perception and the ability to move and manipulate objects.
3) It is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,
especially intelligent computer programs

3. Human Intelligence

4. Application of AI
Artificial Intelligence has various applications in today's society. It is becoming
essential for today's time because it can solve complex problems with an efficient way
in multiple industries, such as Healthcare, entertainment, finance, education, etc. AI is
making our daily life more comfortable and fast.
Following are
some sectors
which have the
application of
Artificial
Intelligence: >>>

5. 1. AI in Astronomy
Artificial Intelligence can be very useful to solve complex universe
problems. AI technology can be helpful for understanding the
universe such as how it works, origin, etc.

6. 2. AI in Healthcare
In the last, five to ten years, AI becoming more advantageous for the
healthcare industry and going to have a significant impact on this
industry.
Healthcare Industries are applying AI to make a better and faster
diagnosis than humans. AI can help doctors with diagnoses and can
inform when patients are worsening so that medical help can reach to
the patient before hospitalization.

7. 3. AI in Gaming
AI can be used for gaming purpose. The AI machines can play strategic
games like chess, where the machine needs to think of a large number
of possible places.

8. 4. AI in Finance
AI and finance industries are the best matches for each other. The finance
industry is implementing automation, chatbot, adaptive intelligence,
algorithm trading, and machine learning into financial processes.

9. 5. AI in Data Security
The security of data is crucial for every company and cyber-attacks are
growing very rapidly in the digital world. AI can be used to make your data
more safe and secure. Some examples such as AEG bot, AI2 Platform, are
used to determine software bug and cyber-attacks in a better way.

10. 6. AI in Social Media
Social Media sites such as Facebook, Twitter, and Snapchat contain billions of
user profiles, which need to be stored and managed in a very efficient way. AI
can organize and manage massive amounts of data. AI can analyze lots of data
to identify the latest trends, hashtag, and requirement of different users.

11. 7. AI in Travel & Transport
AI is becoming highly demanding for travel industries. AI is capable
of doing various travel related works such as from making travel
arrangement to suggesting the hotels, flights, and best routes to the
customers. Travel industries are using AI-powered chatbots which
can make human-like interaction with customers for better and fast
response.

12. 8. AI in Entertainment
We are currently using some AI based applications in our daily life with some
entertainment services such as Netflix or Amazon. With the help of ML/AI
algorithms, these services show the recommendations for programs or
shows.

13. 9. AI in education:
AI can automate grading so that the tutor can have more time to teach.
AI chatbot can communicate with students as a teaching assistant.
AI in the future can be work as a personal virtual tutor for students,
which will be accessible easily at any time and any place.

15.  The Turing test, originally called
the imitation game by Alan Turing in 1950

16. AI, ML & Deep Learning

17. Common Misconceptions About Ai?
Many AI-related misconceptions are making the rounds in the age of “fake
news.” The most common ones are:
 AI will replace humans
 AI systems aren’t safe
 AI will lead to significant unemployment
While these types of stories are common, they’re far from the truth. Even
though some AI-based technology is able to complete some tasks—for example,
analyzing zettabytes of data in less than a second—it still needs humans to
gather the data and define the patterns for identification.
So we aren’t near a reality where technology has the potential to replace us or
our jobs.

18. Quiz-1
[1] What is artificial intelligence?
[2] Why would evolution tend to result in
systems that act rationally? What goals are such
systems designed to achieve?
[3] What’s the difference between AI and ML?
[4] What’s a Turing test?

19. Agent program:- It is important to keep these two ideas distinct. The agent function is an
abstract mathematical description; the agent program is a concrete implementation, running
on the agent architecture.
Current + History
/Effectors
Agent
Percept
Decision
Action
Change

20. AGENT MODEL-

21. Intelligent Agents

23. Environment
Percept (Sense)
Current Situation
(What the world
is like now)
If-Then Condition
Action

24. (if-then Rules)

26. Goal Based Agents

28. Utility Based Agents

29. Utility Based Agents contd…

35. Ex. Vacuum Cleaner

36. The Structure of Agents

38. State Space Search
It is a process used in AI in which a successive configurations or a state of an
instance are considered with intention of finding a Goal State with desired
property.
 It is used in problem Solving
Problem are modeled as state space
Representation
State Space
Set of state in which a problem can be.
S: (S, A, Action(s), Result (s,a), Cost (s,a))
S-Represent - a set of all possible states.
A- Represent- a set of all possible actions.
Action(s)- Function (Which action is possible for current state)
Result (s,a)- Function ( State reached by performing action ‘a’ on State ‘s’)

39. Eight Tile Puzzle/ Games as Search Problems
1 4 3
2 5
8 6 7
1 2 3
8 4
7 6 5
Start (S) Goal (G)
1 4 3
2 5
8 6 7
Action Possible:-
up, Down, Left , Right
Legal Moves for a
state
R
Right is not possible
Up
Down
left
New state (S1)
-----------
S2……… Sn

41. S.No Uninformed Searching Informed Searching (Heuristic search)
1 Search without Information Search with information
2 No Knowledge Use knowledge to find steps to solution
3 Time Consuming Quick solution
4 More Complexity (Time, Space) Less Complexity (Time, Space)
5 DFS, BFS etc. BFS, A*
Difference Between Informed and Uninformed Searching

47. Quiz-2
1. What is an Intelligent agent?
2. Write the Classification of an Intelligent agent and also explain
about their model on which it works.
3. Write Notes on
(a) Simple Reflex Agent (b) Model Based Agent (c) Goal Based
Agent (d) Utility based Agent (e) Learning Agent
4. Write the PEAS Model for the following Agents:
Vacuum Cleaner, Doctors, Shop Keeper
5. Explain about structure of agent and their function.
6. Explain state space search and classify the search algorithm.
7. Write Notes on
(a) Breadth First Search (b) Depth First Search (c) Best First
Search (d) A* Search

48. Constraint Satisfaction problem (CSP)
CSP contains three types of components: (V, D, C)
V is set of variables { V1, V2, V3, ……….Vn}
D is set of domains {D1, D2, D3 ………..Dn} one for each variable
C is set of constraints that specify allowable combination of
values. {C1, C2, C3……}
Ci = (Scope, Rel)
Where scope is set of variables that participate in constraint
Rel is relation that defines the values

52. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
Cipher Decipher
ABCD
1234
Ex:-
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
No.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------

53. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
Cipher Decipher
ABCD
1234
Ex:-
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
No.
0
1=M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
SEND
+1ORE
---------------
1ONEY
---------------

54. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
Cipher Decipher
ABCD
1234
Ex:-
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
No.
0=O
1=M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9=S
SEND
+1ORE
---------------
1ONEY
---------------
S+1=O
If S=9, Then 9+1=10
S=maximum no., then will generate
carry of 1.
If S=8, then O=9, No carry, means not
suitable

55. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
Cipher Decipher
ABCD
1234
Ex:-
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
No.
0=O
1=M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9=S
9END
+1ORE
---------------
10NEY
---------------
S+1=O
If S=9, Then 9+1=10
S=maximum no., then will generate
carry of 1.
If S=8, then O=9, No carry, means not
suitable

56. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
Cipher Decipher
ABCD
1234
Ex:-
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
No.
0=O
1=M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9=S
9END
+10RE
---------------
10NEY
---------------
S+1=O
If S=9, Then 9+1=10
S=maximum no., then will generate
carry of 1.
If S=8, then O=9, No carry, means not
suitable

57. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
Ex:-
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
No.
0=O
1=M
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9=S
9END
+10RE
---------------
10NEY
---------------
E+0=N
From previous, you can take O=0
And then will E=N, which is Technically
wrong, from Rule: -(1)
So, 1 (carry) +E=N -----(1)
N+R=E ------ (2)
Possibility of E= ( 10, 11, 12, ---- )
Then,
N + R = 10 + E ------- (3)
Put Value of N from Eq. (1) in Eq. (3)
1+E+R=10+E
R=9 (This is not possible from Rule No.(1)
Eqn. (3) Can also write as
1+N+R=10+E ------ (4)
1+1+E+R=10+E
R=8 (Accepted)

58. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
Ex:-
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
No.
0=O
1=M
2=Y
3
4
5=E
6=N
7=D
8=R
9=S
9END
+108E
---------------
10NEY
---------------
D+E=Y
(Value of Y should such as when carry is
possible, So, Y may be 5+6, 5+7, 6+7)
If, D=5, and E=7
Then 9785
+1087
---------------
10N72
---------------
Now, If, D=7, E=5
Then
9567
+1085
---------------
10652
---------------
And This is not
acceptable

59. CRYPT-ARITHMETIC PROBLEM
General Rule :-
(1) Unique Number ( 0 to 9)
(2) Can generate carry
(3) Addition never will more than 19
SEND
+MORE
---------------
MONEY
---------------
9567
+1085
---------------
10652
---------------
TWO
+TWO
---------------
FOUR
---------------
?

60. 1. Intelligent Backtracking Algorithm
1 2
3 4
V= {1, 2, 3, 4}
D= { Red, Green, Blue}
C= { 1 ≠ 2, 1 ≠ 3, 1 ≠ 4,
3 ≠ 4, 2 ≠ 4}
1 2 3 4
Initial
Domain
R, G, B R, G, B R, G, B R, G, B
1=R
2=G
3=B

61. 1. Intelligent Backtracking Algorithm
1 2
3 4
V= {1, 2, 3, 4}
D= { Red, Green, Blue}
C= { 1 ≠ 2, 1 ≠ 3, 1 ≠ 4,
3 ≠ 4, 2 ≠ 4}
1 2 3 4
Initial
Domain
R, G, B R, G, B R, G, B R, G, B
1=R R G, B G, B G, B
2=G R G G, B B
3=B R G B B

62. 1. Intelligent Backtracking Algorithm
1 2
3 4
V= {1, 2, 3, 4}
D= { Red, Green, Blue}
C= { 1 ≠ 2, 1 ≠ 3, 1 ≠ 4,
3 ≠ 4, 2 ≠ 4}
1 2 3 4
Initial
Domain
R, G, B R, G, B R, G, B R, G, B
1=R R G, B G, B G, B
2=G R G G, B B
3=G R G G B

63. 1. Intelligent Backtracking Algorithm

64. 2. Minimax Algorithm
Minimax Algorithm
Backtracking algorithm
Best Move strategy used
Max will try to maximize
its utility (Best Move)
Min will try to minimize
utility (Worst move)