1. PRESENTED BY: AJISHA S BABU
PRESENTED TO:DR. VIJAYASREE MAM
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR FMNC COLLEGE KOLLAM
PRESENTED Date: 12 /10/2022
2.
3. TAXONOMY
•Taxonomy(Greek: taxis=arrangement, nomos=order or law)
•It is the describing and naming new taxa .
•Coined by the botanist, de Candolle in 1813.
• The well recognized phases are alpha, beta and gamma taxonomy.
•Alpha taxonomy is the level at which the species are
categorized and named.
•Beta taxonomy involves the arrangement of the species into a
natural system of lower and higher categories.
•Gamma taxonomy refers to the analysis of intraspecific variations
and evolutionary relationships between different species.
7. TAXONOMIC COLLECTION
Biological collection are typically preserved plant or animals specimens
along with specimen documentations such as labels and notations.
•Dry Collection – Dry collections consist of those specimens that are
preserved in a dry state.
•Wet Collection – Wet collections are specimens kept in a liquid
preservative to prevent their deterioration.
•Biological low-temperature preservation – specimens are maintained at
low temperature to preserve :
. Soft parts of various biochemical analysis
. Whole organism in a viable state.
9. VALUES OF BIOLOGICAL COLLECTIONS
•Museum are the only place where extinct species are preserved.
• Specimens of special historical values can be preserved .
•Many areas in the world are geographically inaccessible. Materials
from such area are valuable and preserved at all cost.
• A material is of unique value if it forms the basis of published
research. It may be needed again for verification of original data or for
renewed study in the light of more recent knowledge or by new
techniques.
10. COLLECTION EQUIPMENT AND METHODS
OF COLLECTIONS
There are the various ways to collect animals. Some of the
equipment used for this purpose are:
1) Insect Net
• It consists of a wire ring,a bag and a handle.
• The bag is either of Muslin cloth, fine nylon net or any
other material depending upon the method and purpose of
collection.
11.
12. 2) Aspirator
• It is a symbol succession Apparatus used for small insects and
arachnids .
•These are of several designs. Transparent plastic a commonly used
for vial.
13.
14. 3) BERLESE FUNNEL
• A Berlese funnel, also known as Tullgren funnel.
•It is an apparatus used to extract living organisms, particularly arthropods, from
samples of soil.
• This apparatus consisting of a metal or plastic funnel having
a wire mesh on its bottom for holding the sample.
15.
16. 4)Floatation Method
•This method is simple and also used to extract insects, mites, and
arthropods from the soil or matted vegetation.
•It is also good for collecting egg Pupae of insect from such
materials.
17.
18. 5)Killing Agents And Bottles
a)Cyanide Bottle
• It consist of a wide mounted bottle with a well fitted
coke or lid.
•A layer of granulated potassium cyanide is spread at the bottom of the bottle
then the Powdered dry plaster of paris is poured over it till it forms a layer of 1.5
to 2 cm thickness and then 4 to 5 drop of water is added to it and then it left for
drying up to 20 to 30 hours.
19.
20. b)Ethyl Acetate Killing Bottle Or Tube
•Ethyl Acetate is also an effective killing agent for insects,especially hymenopterans.
•Killing bottle is made up of Glass having cotton at the base soaked with the killing
agent and then a bloating paper is placed over it.
c)Benzene Killing Bottle
•Benzene killing bottle can be used to randomly collect insects in at road side areas.
•For the preparation of the Killing bottle a layer of cotton was placed at the bottom
of a bottle.
•Then a thin filter paper was kept over the Cotton. Then 3 to 4 drop of benzene was
added on the top of the filter paper Narcotize the insects.
21.
22. •While insects should be pinned on the same day they were collected, this
is not always possible.
•So before pinning these specimens left in the killing jar too long, to restore
their flexibility, it is necessary to “relax” them.
•By placing them in a relaxing jar at high humidity for a few days we can
restore their flexibility enough to allow pinning without damage to the
specimens .
23.
24. Mounting
•The primary purpose of mounting specimens is for convenience in handling
specimens.
•A secondary purpose is to protect and preserve extreme edges or surfaces
defects during prepartion.
•Specimens also may require mounting to accommodate various types of
automatic devices used in laboratories or to facilitate placement on the
microscope stage.
•Small specimens generally require mounting so that the specimen is supported
in a stable medium for grinding and polishing.
•The medium chosen can be either a cold curing resin or a hot mounting
compound.
27. •Direct pinning is the insertion of an entomological pin directly through the
thorax of a specimen.
•The insects are pinned vertically through the thorax with a suitably sized pin,
but by convention they are not pinned on the midline, but to the right, so as
to leave at least one side undamaged.
28.
29. DOUBLE MOUNTING AND POINTING
• Insects that are too small to be pinned directly on standard pins and yet should be
preserved dry may be pinned as double mounts.
• This term refers to the insect’s being mounted on a minuten or card point, which in turn is
mounted or attached to a standard insect pin.
• Minutens are available from supply houses in 10 and 15- mm lengths and in two or three
thicknesses.
30.
31. CARDING
•Carding insects is the act of attaching insects to insect cards for preservation
purposes, and is a fiddly, difficult task that takes some experience before it
becomes second nature.
•Carding is usually done after spreading insects, and is an alternative to pinning
insects or beetles smaller than 1cm.
32.
33. SPREADING
•Specimens of most of the orders of Insects can be pinned and placed directly into the
collection without special treatment.
•With butterflies and moth, however, it is necessary to expand their wings in order to
show their markings
•Specimens can be kept for years in glazed paper envelopes or homemade paper triangles
and expanded at Leisure during the winter.
• Mounting butterflies and moths is a special technique that requires a spreading board to
make it attractive .
34.
35. Specimen storage
• To increase the sensitivity of Diagnostic testing all specimens should be stored
frozen and shipped on dry ice with the exception of fixed tissues and specimens
collected in a glass tube.
• If freezing is not possible, specimens that will be evaluated within 1 to 2 days
after collection may be stored refrigerated at 4°C and shipped on refrigerant gel
packs
• Fixed tissues should be stored and shipped in a separate box at room
temperature.
• Specimens collected in a glass tube should be refrigerated at 4°C and shipped
on refrigerant gel packs
36.
37. Cataloging
•Cataloging is the process by which all the parts of a specimen are linked to the
information associated with them through a unique identifying number – the catalog
number.
•A specimen is cataloged by the physical process of entering its associated data in the
relevant database, archival card catalog, or ledger.
38.
39. Preservation of collection
• Your collection should be stored in wooden storage boxes
or cabinets with trays.
•Boxes and trays are lined with the Cork or foam.
•Wooden cigar boxes may also be used in which to store
your collection.
•You collection must be sealed tightly with the fumigant in
order to keep pest from destroying it.
•A fumigant such as naphthalein or Paradichlorobenzene
will deter most pests, but your collection should be checked
the monthly for damage.
40.
41. Taxidermy
•Taxidermy is the art of preserving an animal’s body via mounting or stuffing, for
the purpose of display or study.
• Animals are often, but not always, portrayed in a lifelike state.
•The word taxidermy is derived from the Greek words taxis and derma. Taxis
means “arrangement”, and derma means “skin” (the dermis). The word
taxidermy translates to “arrangement of skin”.
•The word taxidermy describes the process of preserving the animal, but the
word is also used to describe the end product, which are called taxidermy
mounts.
•A person who practices taxidermy is called a taxidermist.
42.
43. Curation
• Once the animals are collected, labelled and preserved, the next important job is of their safe
custody, cataloguing etc. This work is done by a curator . curating is a very important task of a
taxonomist, especially when one day he is likely to become the incharge of a museum to look
after the whole collection.
•Curating is an extreme varied business that take a lot of time of most taxonomists.
•A curator then need to have an expert knowledge of his collection the group of animals in
which collections are needed, areas which need to be urgently sampled, and the various policies
with regard to the use of such collections.
• His primary responsibility is to preserve the collection, to accumulate maintain and conserve
documented record of his collection.
44.
45. Identification
•Taxonomic identification is the recognition of the identity or essential character of an organism.
•Taxonomists often present organized written descriptions of the characteristics of similar
species so that other biologists can identify unknown organisms.
• These organized descriptions are referred to as taxonomic keys.
•A taxonomic key is often published with pictures of the species it describes. However, written
descriptions are usually preferred over pictures, since pictures cannot convey the natural
variation in the morphology of a species, nor the small, yet characteristic, morphological features
of a species.
•In addition, matching an unidentified organism to one picture in a book of hundreds or
thousands of pictures can be very time-consuming.
•Identification methods mayb be manual or computerised and may involve using identification
keys, browsing through field guide that contain species accounts, comparing the organism with
the specimens from natural history collections, or taking images to analysed and compared
against a pre-trained knowledge base with species information.
47. SUMMARY
•Taxonomy(Greek: taxis=arrangement, nomos=order or law)is the describing and naming new
taxa.
•The term was coined by the botanist, de Candolle in 1813.
•Taxonomic procedures includes:
• COLLECTION•PRESERVATION•IDENTIFICATION•CLASSIFICATION•PUBLICATION
•Taxonomic Collections are mainly classified into Wet Collection and Dry Collection.
•Some of the equipment used for collection purpose are:
Insect Net, aspiratiors, Berlese funnel, flotation methods and Killing Agents And Bottles
•The purpose of relaxing using relaxing jar is called relaxation.
•Mounting is the purpose of mounting specimens for convenience in handling
specimens
•Various mounting techniques includes:Direct pinning,Double mounting,Carding,Spreading.
•Taxidermy is the art of preserving an animal’s body via mounting (over an armature) or
stuffing, for the purpose of display or study.
•curation is the act of organizing and maintaining a collection, administration,arrangement,
categorization, coordination.
•Taxonomic identification is the recognition of the identity or essential character of an
organism.
48. Reference
1) Ashok Verma, principles of Animal Taxonomy N. K Mehra for Narosa publication house pvt. Ltd
2) Kapoor V. C, 1991,Theory and practice of Animal Taxonomy, Oxford and IBH publication co pvt. Ltd
3) Dina Nath pandit, 2021,Animal Taxonomy Principle and Practices, Narendra publishing house, Delhi
4) K. Vijayakumaran Nair, 2018,Animal Diversity 1,Academica publication, Thiruvanadhapuram.
5) K. K Bhaskaran, 2020,Complementary course Botany sem 3,Manjusha publications calicut.
6) http://www.slideshare.net
7) http://www.sciencedirect
8) http://www.en.wikipedia.in
