To test the quality of water

1. WATER QUALITY
LABORATORIES AND
DIFFERENT WATER QUALITY
TESTING
Presented by: Semester: 6th
Fahima ashraf kasi Department: Microbiology
Naila Durrani Date: 7.dec.2018
Sania abdul razzaque
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2. Contents
Water basics
 Importance of water
 Water chemistry
 Water Contamination
Water quality laboratories
 Basic laboratories
 Intermediate laboratories
 Advance laboratories
Sampling method
Water quality test
 Physical test
 Chemical test
 Microbiological test
References
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3.  Water basics
• Importance of water:
Human body ,for animals and other living organisms, for
agriculture, in industries, etc.
• Water chemistry:
Stable compound, universal solvent, unique found in all
the three states, solid, liquid, gas
Rarely found in pure distilled form
Water will always contain nutrients, salts & particulates
depending on the local condition.
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4.  Water basics
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• Contamination
• Water contamination can occur in many forms that exists
• Dirt Agricultural Industrial
• Dust fertilizers Detergents
• Sediments herbicides Solvents
• Iron pesticides CO
• Calcium nitrate Acids
• Magnesium Hydrocarbons
• Microbes etc
NATURAL

5.  Why do we need to analyze water?
• It might be
Badly polluted
Be colored or turbid or have solids etc.
Have a rotten odor, or smell like industrial chemicals
so it is necessary to analyze it in the laboratory
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6.  Two aspects of water
• There are two aspects of water that we need
to consider
• What substances or organisms are we interested in
testing for why?
• What procedures and equipment's do we use to make the
measurements, and how do they work?
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7.  Water quality laboratories
• The Water Quality Laboratory is equipped with a full range of
analytical instruments for specific water analyses such as :
• pH
• Sulfates
• Turbidity
• Chlorides
• various forms of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, metals and
heavy metals.
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8. Cont.
To ensure the highest
quality of data, these
laboratory follows Standard
Methods for the
Examination of Water and
Wastewater.
All analyses are performed
following quality
assurance and quality
control guidelines set by
the Environmental
Protection Agency..
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9.  Categories
There are there main categories of laboratories
• Basic laboratories
• Intermediate laboratories
• Advance laboratories
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10.  Basic laboratories
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Lowest level
Located in small provisional town
Have low cost apparatus capable to perform all essential tests
Should also perform coliform test
Staffed by only one technician
Able to analyze 6 to7 samples per day
Carry out all supportive work like media preparation, sterilizing equipment's, and
recording results.

11.  Intermediate laboratories
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located in provincial capitals
Size, staff and equipment of these laboratories will be more
extensive to cope with a higher work load.
This requires some advanced equipment
The intermediate laboratory should be staffed with one chemist (at
least BSc level or equivalent) and one well trained technician, and
in addition one or two laboratory attendants are needed.

12.  Advance laboratories
Capital of country
Such a laboratory should be well staffed and equipped and
should also possess some sophisticated instruments.
Its size and level of performance depend on the size and need
of country.
As a reference laboratory the main duty of the central laboratory
is to provide guidance for all other water laboratories in the
country.
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13. Cont..
• Selecting laboratory equipment, chemicals, consumables and other
materials to be purchased for all water laboratories in the country.
• Selecting analytical methods for other water laboratories and
• Checking the results and performance of the other laboratories.
• Offering, whenever needed, in-service training and staff development
programs to the other water laboratories.
Provide standards to other laboratories
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14.  PCRWR
• It stands for Pakistan council of research in water
resources.
• PCRWR has played its role as a national research
organization by undertaking and promoting research in
various disciplines of water. Like
1. Regular monitoring of water quality of surface, sub-
surface water, sewerage and industrial effluents
2. Establishment of regional water quality testing
laboratories
3. Development of low cost water testing and
treatment/filtration technologies
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15. 12/22/2018 15PCRWR labortary BUITEMS Quetta

16.  Water sampling collection
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Figure 2:sample collection techniques and steps with storage and processing.

17.  Water quality testing
• Water quality testing is based upon
• Physical test
• Chemical test
• Microbiological test
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18.  Physical test
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• This part deals primarily with the measurement of
physical properties of the sample. Like

19.  Turbidity
Measure in Nephelometric Turbidity Unit (NTU
We use turbidity kit which contains 4 standard samples for
calibration i.e.,
 1, 10, 100 & 1000.
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Turbidity meter
Fig 3; BUITEMS PCRWR

20.  Procedure
Note the reading
Press the power
Put the sample vial in the instrument cell compartment.
Wipe fingerprint,spots from the outside vial by lint free cloth
Handle the sample vials only by their ends (lid)
Fill the turbidity vial to the line with the sample (15ml)
Make sure test vials are clean before use
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Calibration test
Samplereading
PCRWR Laboratory BUITEMS Quetta

22.  Chemical testing
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Chemical
paramete
rs ,
Chloride
sulphate
Electrical
conductiv
ity
HCO3
Na & K
pH

23.  PH testing
Observe pH of water
pH meter
Acidic =1----6.5
Normal =6.5----8.5
Alkaline above=8.5
• .
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pH meter
fig # 4; PCRWR BUITEMS Quetta

24.  Procedure
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Take 50 ml water sample in a
beaker
Immerse the pen in the beaker
Press the power
Note reading
PCRWR labortary BUITEMS Quetta

25.  Electrical conductivity
Electrical Conductivity of water is its ability to conduct an
electric curren
Highly depends upon temperature (25^C)
Measure in microsiemen
 25^C=558uS
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EC meter
fig # 6; PCRWR BUITEMS Quetta

26.  Procedure
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Heat the
water
until
temperatu
re
reaches
25^C
Immerse
the
pointer in
the
beaker
Press the
power
button
ON
Stir well
Note the
readings

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Magnetic stirrer
EC meter
fig # 7; PCRWR BUITEMS Quetta

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 Na & K testing
• Digital flame meter is used
• Contain three standard samples
• For calibration
• Note
• The tube should not be kept empty
While the machine is ON
Fig 8;Digital flame meter
BUITEMS: PCRWR

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Fig: Na & K testing procedure

30.  Bicarbonate testing
• Reagent:
0.02N HCL
• Indicator:
Methyl orange
Procedure:
• Sample preparation
Take 10 ml sample and 2 to 3 drops of methyl orange
Titration will be done by 0.02N HCL (in burette).
The color will be changed from light orange to dark orange.
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31. 12/22/2018 31
Initial
Final
Fig# 9;readings of bicarbonate test
PCRWR BUITEMS

32.  Chloride testing
Reagent
• 0.014N silver nitrate ( AgNo3)
Indicator
• potassium chromate (K2CrO4)
Sample procedure
• Take 20 ml of sample and add 2 to 3 drops of potassium
chromate (K2CrO4)
• Titration will be done by 0.014N AgNo3
• The color will change from yellow to brick red
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33. 12/22/2018 33
Fig initial and final color of sample

34.  Microbial water quality analysis
• Drinking-water is polluted due to oral-fecal vehicle
transmission.
• General hygiene reduce fecal–oral disease transmission.
• Cause life threatening diseases
typhoid, cholera, infectious hepatitis (caused by hepatitis
A virus [HAV] or HEV).
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35.  Continue…
• In some cases the drinking-water safety is not related only
to fecal contamination.
• Some organisms grow in piped water distribution
systems (e.g., Legionella).
• whereas others may cause outbreaks.
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36.  MICROBIOLOGICAL WATER
QUALITYANALYSIS
The microbes are analyzed on the basis of the
1. Qualitative tests
2. Quantitative tests.
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37.  Qualitative analysis
• Qualitative tests: it deals with the type of bacteria present
in water.
• Coliform bacteria is an indicator microbe for qualitative
water analysis.
• Coliform = indicator microbe.
• Contamination of water is checked.
• Coliform bacteria = cholera, dysentery , typhoid, diarrhea
etc.
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38.  Quantitative analysis
• Quantitative test: it deals with the amount/ number of
micro-organisms present in water.
• If the no. of bacterial colonies <10 (drinkable)
• If number of bacterial colonies > 10 (non-drinkable)
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39.  Quantitative analysis
• This process consists of
1. Hazard identification.
2. Exposure assessment.
3. Effects assessment.
4. Risk characterization.
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40.  Quantitative analysis
Risk assessment for waterborne microbial pathogens
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41.  Biochemical oxygen demand
• Biochemical oxygen demand is a measure of the quantity
of oxygen used by microorganisms (e.g., aerobic bacteria)
in the oxidation of organic matter.
• It increases due to increased phosphate, nitrate amounts
released by various wastes which run-off and enter the
fresh water thus increasing the oxygen demand.
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42.  Continue…
• Growth rate = high
• Decomposition = high
• Temperature = high
• Recycling = high
• Aquatic organisms die when amount of dissolved oxygen
is near to or below 5 ppm.
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43.  Conclusion
• Water contamination is harming health economic society
both rich and poor nation
• With expand population increase water usage the water
quality is contaminated
• There must be awareness in the society about water
quality and water quality test before consuming
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44.  References
• https://www.freedrinkingwater.com/water_quality/quality1/1-bod-effects-on-water-
quality.htm
• Buitems PCRWR quetta
• https://int.search.tb.ask.com/search/AJimage.jhtml?n=7848b7f2&p2=%5EBXM%5Exd
m018%5ETTAB02%5Epk&ptb=0E7BFC14-A320-4056-85AA-
B103EBE13F0C&qs=&si=&ss=sub&st=sb&tpr
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