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1. INTRODUCTION
Pervious concrete pavement is a unique and effective means to meet growing environmental
demands. By capturing rainwater and allowing it to seep into the ground, pervious concrete is
instrumental in recharging groundwater, reducing stormwater runoff, and meeting U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) stormwater regulations. In fact, the use of pervious
concrete is among the Best Management Practices (BMP) recommended by the EPA— and by
other agencies and geotechnical engineers across the country—for the management of
stormwater runoff on a regional and local basis. This pavement technology creates more efficient
land use by eliminating the need for retention ponds, swales, and other stormwater management
devices.
In pervious concrete, carefully controlled amounts of water and cementitious materials are used
to create a paste that forms a thick coating around aggregate particles. A pervious concrete
mixture contains little or no sand, creating a substantial void content. Using sufficient paste to
coat and bind the aggregate particles together creates a system of highly permeable,
interconnected voids that drains quickly. Typically, between 15% and 25% voids are achieved in
the hardened concrete, and flow rates for water through pervious concrete typically are around
480 in./hr (0.34 cm/s, which is 5 gal/ft2/ min or 200 L/m2/min), although they can be much
higher. Both the low mortar content and high porosity also reduce strength compared to
conventional concrete mixtures, but sufficient strength for many applications is readily achieved.

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2. PERVIOUS CONCRETE
Pervious concrete (porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous pavement)
is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that
allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing
the runoff from a site and allowing groundwater recharge.
Pervious concrete is made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. The concrete
paste then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab. It is
traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets,
pedestrian walkways, and green houses. It is an important application
for sustainable construction and is one of many low impact development techniques used by
builders to protect water quality.
Fig:1 Pervious Concrete
(Source:http://www.stevensonconcrete.co.nz)
2.1 History Of Porous Concrete
The initial use of porous concrete was in the United Kingdom in 1852 with the construction of
two residential houses and a sea groyne. Cost efficiency seems to have been the primary reason
for its earliest usage due to the limited amount of cement used. It was not until 1923 when

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porous concrete re surfaced as a viable construction material. This time it was limited to the
construction of 2-story homes in areas such as Scotland, Liverpool, London and Manchester. Use
of porous concrete in Europe increased steadily, especially in the World War II era. Since porous
concrete use less cement than conventional concrete and cement was scare at that time. It seemed
that porous concrete was the best material for that period. Porous concrete continued to gain
popularity and its use spread to areas such as Venezuela, West Africa, Australia, Russia and the
Middle East.After World War II, porous concrete became wide spread for applications such as
cast-in-place load-bearing walls of single and multistory houses and, in some instances in high-
rise buildings, prefabricated panels, and stem-cured blocks.Also applications include walls for
two-story houses, load-bearing walls for high-rise buildings (up to 10 stories) and infill panels
for high-rise buildings.
2.2 Applications for Pervious Concrete
Although not a new technology (it was first used in 1852,pervious concrete is receiving renewed
interest, partly because of federal clean water legislation. The high flow rate of water through a
pervious concrete pavement allows rainfall to be captured and to percolate into the ground,
reducing storm water runoff, recharging groundwater, supporting sustainable construction,
providing a solution for construction that is sensitive to environmental concerns, and helping
owners comply with EPA storm water regulations. This unique ability of pervious concrete
offers advantages to the environment, public agencies, and building owners by controlling
rainwater on-site and addressing storm water runoff issues. This can be of particular interest in
urban areas or where land is very expensive. Depending on local regulations and environment, a
pervious concrete pavement and its sub base may provide enough water storage capacity to
eliminate the need for retention ponds, swales, and other precipitation runoff containment
strategies.

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Fig. 2 Application of pervious concrete
(Source:google images)
2.3 Performance of Pervious Concrete
Pervious concrete is not difficult to place, but it is different from conventional concrete, and
appropriate construction techniques are necessary to ensure its performance. It has a relatively
stiff consistency, which dictates its handling and placement requirements. The use of a vibrating
screed is important for optimum density and strength. After screeding, the material usually is
compacted with a steel pipe roller. There are no bullfloats, darbies, trowels, etc. used in finishing
pervious concrete, as those tools tend to seal the surface. Joints, if used, may be formed soon
after consolidation, or installed using conventional sawing equipment. (However, sawing can
induce raveling at the joints.) Some pervious concrete pavements are placed without joints.
Curing with plastic sheeting must start immediately after placement and should continue for at
least seven days. Careful engineering is required to ensure structural adequacy, hydraulic
performance, and minimum clogging potential. More detail on these topics is provided in
subsequent sections.
After placement, pervious concrete has a textured surface which many find aesthetically pleasing
and which has been compared to a Rice Krispie treat. Its low mortar content and little (or no)
fine aggregate content yield a mixture with a very low slump, with a stiffer consistency than

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most conventional concrete mixtures. In spite of the high voids content, properly placed pervious
concrete pavements can achieve strengths in excess of 3000 psi (20.5 MPa) and flexural
strengths of more than 500 psi (3.5 MPa). This strength is more than adequate for most low
volume pavement applications, including high axle loads for garbage truck and emergency
vehicles such as fire trucks. More demanding applications require special mix designs, structural
designs, and placement techniques.
(a) (b)
Fig 3 (a) Impervious concrete (b) pervious concrete
(Source:google images)
2.4 Environmental Benefits of Pervious Concrete
As mentioned earlier, pervious concrete pavement systems provide a valuable stormwater
management tool under the requirements of the EPA Storm Water Phase II Final Rule.Phase II
regulations provide programs and practices to help control the amount of contaminants in our
waterways. Impervious pavements—particularly parking lots—collect oil, anti-freeze, and other
automobile fluids that can be washed into streams, lakes, and oceans when it rains. EPA Storm
Water regulations set limits on the levels of pollution in our streams and lakes. To meet these
regulations, local officials have considered two basic approaches:
 Reduce the overall runoff from an area
 Reduce the level of pollution contained in runoff.

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Another important factor leading to renewed interest in pervious concrete is an increasing
emphasis on sustainable construction. Because of its benefits in controlling storm water runoff
and pollution prevention, pervious concrete has the potential to help earn a credit point in the
U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy & Environmental.
2.5 Engineering Properties
2.5.1 Fresh Properties
The plastic pervious concrete mixture is stiff compared to traditional concrete. Slumps, when
measured, are generally less than 3⁄4 in. (20 mm), although slumps as high as 2 in. (50 mm) have
been used. When placed and compacted, the aggregates are tightly adhered to one another and
exhibit the characteristic open matrix.
2.6 Hardened Properties
2.6.1 Density and porosity
The density of pervious concrete depends on the properties and proportions of the materials used,
and on the compaction procedures used in placement. In-place densities on the order of 100
lb/ft3 to 125 lb/ft3 (1600 kg/m3 to 2000 kg/m3) are common, which is in the upper range of
lightweight concretes.
2.6.2 Permeability
The flow rate through pervious concrete depends on the materials and placing operations.
Typical flow rates for water through pervious concrete are 3gal/ft2/min (288 in./hr, 120
L/m2/min, or 0.2 cm/s) to 8 gal/ft2/min (770 in./hr, 320 L/m2/min, or 0.54 cm/s), with rates up to
17 gal/ft2/min (1650 in./hr, 700 L/m2/min, 1.2 cm/s) and higher having been measured in the
laboratory.
2.6.3 Compressive strength
Pervious concrete mixtures can develop compressive strengths in the range of 500 psi to 4000 psi
(3.5 MPa to 28 MPa), which is suitable for a wide range of applications. Typical values are about
2500 psi (17 MPa). As with any concrete, the properties and combinations of specific materials,

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as well as placement techniques and environmental conditions, will dictate the actual in-place
strength.
2.6.4 Flexural strength
Flexural strength in pervious concretes generally ranges between about 150 psi (1 MPa) and 550
psi (3.8 MPa). Many factors influence the flexural strength, particularly degree of compaction,
porosity, and the aggregate:cement (A/C) ratio. However, the typical application constructed
with pervious concrete does not require the measurement of flexural strength for design.

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3. EXPERIMENTALPROGRAMME
Pervious concrete is a mixture of coarse aggregate, cement, water and little to no sand. A typical
pervious concrete pavement has a 15-25% void structure.Detailed study of the experimental
work on pervious concrete has been discussed in this chapter. Different mix proportions by
replacing cement with silica fume (6%) and addition of super plasticizers (0.13% & 0.25% )
have been used for studying properties of fresh and hardened pervious concrete. A concrete mix
with cement, coarse aggregates ratio 1:4 and water cement ratio of 0.34 has been taken as control
mix in the present study.
3.1 Aggregates
They are the non inert materials used in the concrete to increase its properties.it increases the
strength of the concrete.
Table 1: Aggregates size
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)
3.2 Cementious Materials
Ordinary Portland cement of 43 grades conforming to IS: 8112-1989 was used. The cement was
tested as per IS 4031-1968. Table 3.3 shows the physical properties of cement.

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Table 2 Physical properties of Cement
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)
3.3 Water
The water to be used for casting should be free from organic matter. Potable water is generally
considered satisfactory as per clause no. 5.4 of IS 456-2000. Tap water available in the
laboratory was used for mixing the ingredients of concrete and curing of the specimens.
3.4 Super Plasticizers
Super plasticizers, also known as high range water reducers, are chemicals used as admixtures
where well-dispersed particle suspensions are required. These polymers are used as dispersants
to avoid particle aggregation and to improve the flow characteristics of suspensions such as in
concrete applications. This effect drastically improves the performance of the hardened fresh
paste (Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia). Cico plast super is used for producing extremely flow
able concrete, pumped concrete, pre-stressed and denser concrete as well as in industrial
commercial flooring and floor toppings. Cico plast super is new generation concrete admixture
based on modified Sulphonated naphthalene formaldehyde, combining the properties of super
plasticizers with high degree of slump retention characteristics, high range water reducer and
also acts as water proofers for concrete, conforms to ASTM C-494. Specification: complying
with IS: 9103-2003, IS: 2645-2003 has been used in the present study.

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3.4.1 Features
 Improves workability and flow properties without any increase in water
 Increase in bond strength of concrete to reinforcing steel. iii. Reduction of internal
friction and thixotropy without the risk of segregation and making concrete workable.
 Minimize shrinkage or cracking.
 Suitable for use in concrete above and below ground.
3.4.2 Uses
 It produces extremely workable and flowing concrete without loss of strength.
 It can be used to produce pumpable concrete or at locations where flowable or high
strength concrete is needed
Table 3: Typical Pervious Concrete Materials Proportions (ACI 2010)
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)

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4. METHODOLOGY
4.1 Testing of Fresh Pervious Concrete
4.1.1Workability
A number of different methods are available for measuring the workability of fresh concrete, but
none of them is wholly satisfactory. Each test measures only a particular aspect of it and there is
really no method which measures the workability of concrete in its totality. However, by
checking and controlling the uniformity of the workability it is easier to ensure a uniform quality
of concrete and hence uniform strength for a particular job. In the present work, following test
were performed to find the workability.
Fig. 4 The Slump Test
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)
Fig.5 Compaction Factor Test
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)

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Fig.6 Flow Test
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)
5. PERVIOUS CONCRETE IN INDIA
used in India in applications such as parking lots, driveways, applications such as parking lots,
driveways, gullies/sidewalks, road platforms, etc. gullies/sidewalks, road platforms, etc.
cities is causing the ground water to go much deeper and is causing water ground water to go
much deeper and is causing water shortages. shortages.
the concrete and asphalt surfaces tend to carry a high level of pollution and this surfaces tend to
carry a high level of pollution and this pollution ends up in our waterways ultimately. pollution
ends up in our waterways ultimately.
pervious concrete can help
alleviate the damage of all of these ills. damage of all of these ills.
diminishing ground water levels and focus on sustainability, ground water levels and focus on
sustainability, technologies such as pervious concrete are likely to technologies such as pervious
concrete are likely to become even more popular in India as well as other become even more
popular in India as well as other countries.

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6. EXPERIMENTS AND RESULTS
Specimens corresponding to various previous concrete mix proportions were subjected to
distructive testing to evaluate the influence of silica fume (6% by the weight of cement) and
super plasticizers (0.13% & 0.25%) on the various mechanical properties of the concrete such as
compressive strength, , flexural variation of workability, compressive strength, and bond
strength of different concrete mix with age. Workability-The workability of the concrete mix
was measured by slump test, compaction factor and flow table test. The slump of the concrete
mix decreased with the addition of silica fume (6% of content) and 0.13% of super plasticizers. It
has been observed that with the addition of silica-fume, the previous concrete becomes sticky.
The loss in slump of fresh concrete was primarily attributed to the high surface area of the silica
fume which absorbs more mixing water. The workability improved with the addition of 0.13% &
0.25% of super plasticizers because the sulfonic acid groups present in it were responsible for of
super plasticizers because the sulfonic acid groups present in it were responsible for neutralizing
the surface charges on the cement particles and this reduced the viscosity of the paste and
concrete. The ability of super plasticizers to increase the slump of concrete depends on factors as
the type, dosage, and time of addition of super plasticizer; w/c; and the nature or Amount of
cement. It has been found that for most types of cement, super plasticizers improve the
workability of concrete.
Table 4.: Workability of various previous concrete mix proportions
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)

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Fig. 7 variation of slump with different previous concrete mix proportions
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)
Fig. 8 variation of compaction Factor with different previous concrete mix proportions
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)
Fig.9 Variation of flowability with different previous concrete mix proportions
(Source:IJRASET,Experimental Study of Pervious Concrete Pavement)

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7. CONCLUSIONS
From the results obtained, the following conclusions may be drawn:
 Cube compressive strength of pervious concrete drops down as the size of coarse
aggregate is increased.
 Due to voids in pervious concrete, it is difficult to Obtain high-strength by using the
common material and proportion of mixture.
 The hydraulic conductivity increases as the size of coarse aggregate is increased.
 Replacement of fly ash will improve the mechanical strengths but at the same time the
hydraulic conductivity will be reduced.
 Replacement of GGBS will not give any improvement in the mechanical strengths and at
the same time the hydraulic conductivity will be reduced.

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REFERENCE
[1] Baoshan huang. (2009). “Laboratory evaluation of permeability and strength of
polymer-modified pervious concrete”. Construction and building materials journals, Pg
No; 818-823.
[2] Selvaraj. R, (2010). “Some aspects on pervious concrete”.
[3] Shri, S. Deepa and R. Thenmozhi. (2012). "Flexural behavior of hybrid ferrocement
slabs with microconcrete and fibers." Int J Emerg Trends Eng Dev 4(2): 165-177.
[4] Jing Yang, guoliang jiang. (2003). “Experimental study on properties of pervious
concrete pavement materials”, Cement and Concrete research 33(2003) Pg No 381-386.
[5] Krishnaraj, C., Mohanasundram, K. M. and S. Navaneetha santhakumar.(2012).
“Implementation Study Analysis of Ft fmea Model in Indian Foundry Industry”. Journal
of Applied Sciences Research, 8(2): 1009-1017.
[6] Karthik H.Obla. (2010). “Pervious concrete- An overview”. The Indian concrete
journal, AUG 2010.
[7] Kevern, J., Wang, K. and Schaefer, V. (2006). “Investigation into the Effect of
Aggregate for Durability of Pervious Concrete”. Iowa State University PCA Funding.