it tells about the personality and its theories

1. Personality theories contending that behavior
results from psychological forces that interact
within the individual, often outside conscious
awareness.

2. Unconscious theory
• Conscious: Freud’s first level of awareness, consisting of
the thoughts, feelings, and actions of which people are
aware.
• Preconscious: Freud’s second level of awareness,
consisting of the mental activities of which people gain
awareness by attending to them.
• Unconscious : Freud’s third level of awareness,
consisting of the mental activities beyond people’s
normal awareness.

4. Freud & Personality Structure
Id - energy constantly striving to satisfy basic drives
Pleasure Principle
Ego - seeks to gratify the Id in realistic ways
Reality Principle
Super Ego
- voice of conscience
that focuses on how
we ought to behave
Ego
Super
Ego
Id

5. Erik Erikson: 1902 t0 1994
1. Born in Germany, an illegitimate child of
Danish parents
2. This fact bothered him all his life
3. Dropped out of high school and spent time
traveling in Europe and studying art

6. Trust vs Mistrust:
Infancy (Birth to approx. 1.5/2 Years)
The first stage of Erikson’s theory of psychosocial
development occurs between birth and one year
of age and is the most fundamental stage in life.2

7. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt: Early
Childhood (1.5/2 - 3 Years)
Securely attached children next face the challenge of autonomy, or doing things on
their own

8. Initiative vs Guilt:
Preschool (3 - 5 Years)
• Initiative is characterized by an exploratory
and investigative attitude that results from
meeting and accepting challenges

9. Industry vs Inferiority:
School Age (6 - 11 Years)
• Industry is the enjoyment of mastery and
competence through success and recognition
of one’s accomplishment(s)

10. Identity vs Confusion:
Adolescence 12 – 18 Years
• In the adolescent years, youths develop a
desire for independence from parents,
achieve physical maturity and are
concerned with the question of “Who am
I?”

11. Intimacy vs Isolation:
Young Adulthood (19 to 40 Years)
• A person with a firm sense of identity is
prepared for intimacy, or giving the self over
to another.

12. Generativity vs Stagnation: Middle
Adulthood (40 – 65 Years)
• The key characteristics of generativity are
creativity, productivity and concern for and
commitment to guiding the next generation

13. Identity vs Despair:
Old Age (65 to death)
• People who accept themselves, conclude
that they only have one life to live, live it as
well as possible and have few regrets are
seen as having integrity

14. Cattell’s 16 personality dimensions
 Reserved vs. Warm
 Concrete Abstract
 Reactive Emotionally stable
 Deferential Dominant
 Serious Lively
 Expedient Rule-conscientious
 Shy Bold
 Tough Minded Sensitive
 Trusting Vigilant
 Practical Imaginative
 Forthright Private
 Self-assured Apprehensive
 Traditional Open to change
 Group-oriented Self-reliant
 Tolerates disorder Perfectionist
 Relaxed Tense

15. Eric Berne – Transactional
Analysis

16. Ego States
• Berne believed that when we interact with other people, our state of
mind affects what happens
• He believed that there were three states of mind in all humans, no matter
how old they were, called ego states.
ADULT
CHILD
PARENT

17. Characteristics of Ego States
• Each ego state has particular verbal and non-
verbal characteristics, which can be observed,
if you are watching people.
• Each ego state has a positive and negative
aspect

18. Look at the sentences below and match the ego state to the sentence.
1. It’s not my fault my drink
got spilt on your new
carpet
2. I wonder what might have
caused that accident
3. For goodness sake, clean
up that mess.
4. Shall we clean up the mess
together with a wet cloth?
CHILD
ADULT
PARENT

19. Transactions
• Berne said that when people are in their different ego states
and they interact with other people, four main types of
transaction (or interaction) can happen.
• To make it easy to analyse what is happening, Berne
developed a little diagram like this, to represent a person
with their three ego states Parent, Adult and Child.
P
A
C
Interacts with Person B on right
P
A
C

20. Types of Transaction
Complementary Transactions
P
A
C
P
A
C
“You’re three hours late, I
want an explanation.”
MANAGER EMPLOYEE
“I’m really sorry, I slept
through the alarm, it won’t
happen again, I promise.”
This is a
complementary
transaction because
the employee
accepts the child ego
state assigned to him
by the manager and
responds in child ego
state.

21. Crossed Transaction
P
A
C
P
A
C
MANAGER EMPLOYEE
“You’re three hours
late, I want an
explanation.”
“Oh, didn’t you get
held up by that
crash on the
motorway as well?”
This is a crossed transaction
because although the
manager, parent ego state,
attempted to address the
employee as a child, the
employee refuses this ego
state and responds in adult
ego state to the manager’s
ego state.
A crossed transaction is any
transaction where the
person being spoken to
refuses the ego state they
are assigned by the first
speaker.

22. Angular Transaction
P
A
C
P
A
C
SALES
PERSON
CUSTOMER
“That’s the latest iPod
and there’s 50% off at the
moment, if you are
interested”
“Wow, that’s
amazing – I’ll take
one!”
This is an Angular
Transaction because the
sales person is talking on
more than one level,
appearing to address the
customer’s Adult ego
state but trying to hook
the customer’s Child ego
state, because the Child
is impulsive and may be
seduced by the 50% off
the iPod and buy it! This
is what happens, and the
customer answers in
Child ego state and buys
the iPod!

23. Life Positions
• there are four possible life positions
I’m not OK, You’re OK
I’m not OK, You’re not OK
I’m OK, You’re not OK
I’m OK, You’re OK