Furnace, fuels and fluxes

21st February, 2018
UNIVERSITY OF LAGOS, AKOKA
LAGOS, NIGERIA
A seminar presentation by group one
FURNACES, FUELS AND FLUXES IN CHEMICAL METALLURGY
DEPARTMENT OF METALLURGICAL AND MATERIALS ENGINEERING
FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

GROUP MEMBERS
 GROUP LEADER
ADESINA JOSHUA
OLUWATIMILEHIN
 MEMBERS
ADESOLA SEGUN EMMANUEL
ODUNOSHO ADEDAMOLA MICHAEL
EJIOFOR IKECHUKWU CHIBUIKEM

INTRODUCTION
The subject of metallurgy is an integral
constituent
that must be given a large space, especially for
industrialization.
In fact, every age the world has seen is defined
by
materials. From the stone age, bronze, iron,
copper
and even IT age

Objective
 This report aims to provide knowledge of
furnaces, integrating the study of blast furnace
into focus, as it is dominantly used in the
extraction of iron;
 Fuel with coal as a case study, and why it is
essential to the blast furnace, as well as fluxes
(lime and dolomite) used during the extraction
process
 The ultimate aim is to provide substantial
knowledge and to state the underlying
principles and operations that serve as the
basis for what make our world imaginable.

Furnace
 A furnace is an equipment used to melt
metals for casting or to heat materials to
change their shape (rolling, forging) or
properties (heat treatment).
 They are appliances capable of heating
materials to such a high temperature that
they melt, which from a chemical
perspective basically means that they
reach the critical threshold temperature
at which they convert from solid to liquid
(Ricketts 1992).

In metallurgy, furnaces are essential devices
that are used to carry out many metallurgical
processes such as;
smelting, heat treatment, and so on.
Furnace can majorly be classified as follows,
based on the mode of energy:
 Fuel-fired
furnaces (oil, gas,
coke, or coal):
 Crucible
 Reverbatory or
hearth
 Rotary
 Converter
Electric furnaces
(Electricity):
 Induction
 Resistance
 Electric arc

Fuel-fired Oil-fired (rotary furnace
Gas-fired (open-hearth furnace)
Coal-fired (blast, rotary and
cupola furnaces)
Electric furnace Type 1 (Electric arc furnace)
Type 2 (Induction furnace)
Type 3 (Resistance furnace)
Classification of furnace

Advantages of electric
furnace over gas furnace
Electric furnaces require far less maintenance than
gas furnaces
Electric furnaces are one of the least expensive
furnaces to purchase and install
Compared to gas furnaces, an electric furnace
does not give off any dangerous emissions that could
potentially cause harm

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
ELECTRIC FURNACE OVER GAS
FURNACE
ADVANTAGES
 Electric furnaces require far
less maintenance than gas
furnaces
 Electric furnaces are one of
the least expensive
furnaces to purchase and
install
 Compared to gas furnaces,
an electric furnace does
not give off any dangerous
emissions that could
potentially cause harm
DISADVANTAGES
 An electric furnace costs
more to run than a gas
furnace
 An electric furnace may be
more expensive to repair
than a gas furnace
 Electric furnaces are not
very efficient at heating
large spaces

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF
OIL-FIRED FURNACE
 The advantage of
heating with oil is that
it may be available
when other forms of
fuel, such as natural or
propane gas, are not.
 Nozzles can clog with dirt
 Oil furnaces need to be
regularly cleaned and the
fuel filters must be changed
 Controlling heat output is
more difficult for oil
furnaces than for gas
furnaces
 Oil furnaces use more
electricity than gas
furnaces
 Most oil furnaces are less

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES
(BLAST FURNACE AS A CASE STUDY)
Why is blast furnace considered a case study?
The blast furnace is the first step in producing steel from
iron oxides. It has an enormous impact on the production of
raw (pig) iron from iron ores (hematite or magnetite),
although other methods for iron production are also in use
but the efficiency of blast furnace supersedes almost all
other iron-making technologies.
Without first extracting iron from its ore, you cannot proceed
to alloying of iron to get steel, which is an important
industrial material.

BLAST FURNACE: OVERVIEW
The basic idea involves the
heating of an iron oxide,
often hematite, Fe2O3, with
carbon.
A jet of air is used to burn
the carbon to form the gas
carbon dioxide then reacts
with more carbon to form
carbon monoxide. Carbon
mono
oxide is then used to reduce
the
iron oxide to iron. Carbon
dioxide is also formed in this
reaction.

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES (BLAST
FURNACE AS A CASE STUDY)
Basic components of a furnace:
 Refractory chamber
 Hearth
 Burners
 Chimney
 Charging and
 discharging doors
 Stockhouse

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF
FURNACES (BLAST FURNACE AS A CASE
STUDY)
 The design of a modern
blast furnace is generally
based on the concept of a
free standing unit with a
surrounding building,
providing access to the
furnace and support for
the blast furnace gas
system.
 The design of a blast
furnace plays a
fundamental role in its
reliable operation,
metallurgical
performance, sustained
high productivity and long

DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF FURNACES (BLAST FURNACE
AS A CASE STUDY)
EQUIPMENT FOR DESIGNING A BLAST FURNACE EQ
The design of a blast
furnace should involve
equipment which has a
proven reputation for
reliability, durability, and
high performance in
the arduous conditions
of the blast furnace
environment.
EQUIPMENT
 Auxiliary equipment:
 Ore storage yard and bins for
temporary storing of raw
materials
 Belt conveyor or skip-hoist for
transporting raw materials to
the furnace top
 Charging apparatus for
charging the raw materials
into the furnace
 Hot stoves for heating the
blast
 Equipment for dust removal,
and recovering and storing the
gas from the furnace top
 Equipment for liquid products
transfer

DIFFERENT TEMPERATURE ZONES IN A BLAST FURNACE ZONE
 Dead man zone (Above
1500oC)
 Hearth zone (1500oC)
 Bottom part of the bosh
zone
 Top part of the bosh zone
 Bottom half of the stack
zone
 Top half of the stack zone

MODEL OF A BLAST FURNACE OPERATION

RAW MATERIALS REQUIRED FOR THE PRODUCTION OF
PIG IRON IN A BLAST FURNACE
In the blast furnace application, the production of iron
historically required three important raw materials:
 iron ore
 coal converted to "coke", and;
 chemical grade limestone
In more modern times additional materials have been used
such
as iron ore pellets and sinter

Iron Ore
 Iron oxides can come to the blast furnace plant in the
form of raw ore, pellets or sinter.
 The raw ore is removed from the earth and sized into
pieces that range from 0.5 to 1.5 inches. This ore is
either Hematite (Fe2O3) or Magnetite (Fe3O4) and the
iron content ranges from 50% to 70%.
 This iron-rich ore can be charged directly into a blast
furnace without any further processing. Iron ore that
contains a lower iron content must be processed or
beneficiated to increase its iron content. An example is
pellet
Coal and Limestone will be discussed in the following
slides

Applications of Furnace
Although the purpose of a blast furnace is to chemically
reduce and physically convert iron oxides into liquid iron
called "hot metal”, the applications of furnaces, generally,
include:
 Heat treatment: annealing, quenching, ageing, etc
 Aerospace Industry: heat treatment of aircraft metals,
preheating of titanium alloy bar before forging
 Automotive Industry: heat treatment of automotive parts
 Application in the Metal Industry: tube, bar, strip, rods,
forgings, casting and so on


The use of fuel cannot be undermined
in our every day life.
Fuel is used in the following areas:
1. Cooking
2. Transportation
3. Manufacturing
4. Heating and cooling buildings
5. Generating electricity to run
appliances.
INTRODUCTION

FUELS
 A fuel is defined as a substance used to
produce heat or power by combustion
 Any chemical process accompanied by the
evolution of light and heat is called
combustion. It is simply the reaction of
substances with oxygen and converts
chemical energy into heat and light.
 Fuel + Oxygen → Combustion products +
Heat

Characteristics of a Good Fuel
1. A good fuel should ignite easily.
2. It should have a high calorific value, that
is, it should give out a lot of heat.
3. It should be inexpensive and readily
available
4. It should be easy to store and transport
5. It should not produce harmful gases.

Classification of Fuels
Classification of
Fuels
Based on
Physical State
Solid Fuel
(wood, coal)
Liquid Fuel (crude
petroleum, natural
gasoline)
Gaseous Fuel
(natural gas)
Based on
occurrence
Primary or natural
fuels (wood, coal)
Secondary or
prepared fuel
(charcoal, coke)

Solid Fuels
 Solid fuel refers to various forms of
solid material that can be burnt to
release energy, providing heat and
light through the process of
combustion.
 Common examples of solid fuels
include wood, charcoal, coke, coal
 Solid fuels are extensively used in
rocketry as solid propellants.

Wood
 Wood has been used as fuel from ancient times. Due to
large scale of deforestation, wood is no longer used
except in forest areas where wood is available at low
cost.
 Wood when freshly cut contains 25-50% moisture.
Normally it is used in air dried condition with 10-15%
moisture content.
 The calorific value of air dried wood is about 3500-4500
kcal/kg
 When wood burns. The ash content is high. This makes
dry wood a fuel of low calorific value.
 Wood charcoal is obtained by destructive distillation of
wood.
 The major use of wood charcoal is for producing
activated carbon used for adsorption or chemical
reactions.

Coal
Coal is regarded as a fossil fuel produced from the
vegetable debris under conditions of high
temperature and pressure over million of years
Types of coal
Peat The lowest carbon content
Lignite
Brown variety containing 25-
30% carbon and 60% moisture
content
Sub-bituminous
coal
Black variety, 35-45% carbon
Bituminous Coal
Hard black variety, 45-86%
carbon.
Anthracite Coal
The highest ranking coal,
carbon content 86-97%

Uses of Coal
1. As a primary fuel: Coal is used to
produce steam through heat and
combustion, which is again used for
running turbines to generate electricity in
power plants.
2. As a secondary fuel: The product of
burning coal in the absence of air is of
metallurgical importance. The byproducts
plastic, tar and synthetic fibre and also
used for making steel in industries.

Coke
 Coke is obtained when coal is heated
strongly out of contact with air. The
process is called carbonization or
coking
1. Low temperature carbonization:
500⁰C-700⁰C; low temperature coke
or semi coke or soft coke.
2. High temperature carbonization:
900⁰C-1100⁰C; metallurgical coke or
hard coke.

Metallurgical Coke
The properties of coke depend on porosity, reactivity and the
amount of volatile matter retained by coke during carbonization.
Coke is mainly used as a heat source and reducing agent in
metallurgy a good coke in metallurgical process should posses
the following characteristics:
1. Purity: The metallurgical coke should contain lower
percentage of moisture, ash, sulphur and phosphorous.
2. Porosity: The coke should be porous so as to provide
contact between carbon and oxygen
3. Strength: The coke used in metallurgical process should
have high strength so as to withstand the weight of ore, flux
in the furnace.
4. Size: Metallurgical coke should be of medium size.
5. Combustibility: Coke should burn easily. The
combustibility of coke depends on the nature of the coal,
carbonization temperature and reaction temperature.
6. Calorific Value: It should be high
7. Cost: It should be cheap and readily available.

Benefits/disadvantages of solid
fuel
 Benefits
 Solid fuels, compared to liquid fuels or
gaseous fuels, are often cheaper,
easier to extract, more stable to
transport and in many places are more
readily available.
 Coal in particular, is utilized in the
generation of 38.1% of the world’s
electricity because it is less expensive
and more powerful than its liquid and
gas counterparts.

Disadvantages
 Solid fuels are heavier to transport,
require more destructive methods to
extract/burn and often have higher
carbon, nitrate and sulphate
emissions.
 With the exception of sustainable
wood solid fuel is normally considered
non-renewable as it requires
thousands of years to form.

Liquid Fuel
 Liquid fuels are combustible or energy-
generating molecules that can be
harnessed to create mechanical energy,
usually producing kinetic energy; they also
must take the shape of their container. It is
the fumes of liquid fuels that are flammable
instead of the fluid.
 Most liquid fuels in widespread use are
derived from crude oil, also called
petroleum.
 Many liquid fuels play a primary role in
transportation and the economy.

Petroleum
 Most liquid fuels used are currently
produced from petroleum.
 The petroleum or crude oil is never used
as such, it is refined.
 The refining of petroleum is
accomplished by three processes:
1. Fractional distillation
2. Cracking, and
3. Treating
 The three most important liquid fuels
derived are gasoline or petrol, kerosene
and diesel oil.

Natural gas and Liquefied
petroleum gas
 Compressed Natural Gas
Natural gas, composed chiefly of
methane, can be compressed to a liquid
and used as a substitute for other
traditional liquid fuels. Its combustion is
very clean compared to other
hydrocarbon fuels, but the fuel’s low
boiling point requires the fuel to be kept
at high pressure to keep it in liquid
state.

Natural gas and Liquefied
petroleum gas
Liquefied petroleum gas (LPG)
LP gas is a mixture of propane and
butane, both of which are easily
compressible gases under standard
atmospheric conditions. It offers many f
the advantages of compressed natural gas
(CNG), but does not burn as cleaner, is
denser than air and is much more easily
compressed. Commonly used for cooking
and space heating, LP gas and
compressed propane are seeing increased
use in motorized vehicles; propane is the
third most commonly used motor fuel
globally.

Merits and Demerits of Liquid
Fuel
 Merits
Possess higher calorific value per unit
mass than solid fuels.
Easy transportation through pipes.
Less excess furnace space.
No wear and tear on furnace parts such
as those for solid fuels.
For equal heat output, much less space
occupancy and much less weight than
solid fuels.
Combustion without formation of dust,
ash, and clinkers.

Merits and Demerits of Liquid
Fuel
 Demerits
Costlier than solid fuels.
Requirement of costly special storage
tanks.
Associated with a greater risk of fire
hazards, particularly true of highly
inflammable and volatile liquid fuels.
Requirement of efficient burning,
specially designed burners and
spraying systems for efficient burning.

Gaseous Fuel
 Gaseous fuels are obtained either
naturally or by the treatment of solid or
liquid fuel.
 Among the naturally occurring gaseous
fuels, natural gas and liquefied
petroleum gas are most important.
 These gases have high calorific value.
 The calorific value and specific gravity of
a gaseous fuel determine the thermal
output of a heating appliance.

Types of Gaseous Fuels
Gaseou
s Fuel
Manufacture
d or
synthetic
fuel gases
Natural gas

Manufactured Fuel gases
 Manufactured fuel gases are those produced
through an artificial process, usually gasification, at
a location known as a gasworks
 Examples are: Coal gas, producer gas, water gas
 Producer gases as reducing agent in metallurgical
operations
 Coal gas are used as illuminants in cities and
towns. They are also used in metallurgical
operations contributing reducing pressure.
 Water gas is used as a source of hydrogen gas
and an illuminating agent.

Manufactured Fuel Gas
 Coal gas: it is obtained by
carbonization of coal and consists
mainly of hydrogen, carbon monoxide
and various hydrocarbons
 Producer gas: it is obtained by the
partial combustion of coal, coke,
anthracite coal or charcoal in a mixed
air-stream blast
 Water gas: it is a mixture of hydrogen
and carbon monoxide and is made by
passing steam over incandescent
coke.

Natural Gas
 The main constituent is methane. It is usually found
in or near the petroleum field, under the earth’s
surface. Apart from methane it contains small
amounts of other gases such as ethane and
carbon dioxide.
 It is a fuel gas substitute for gasoline (petrol), diesel
or propane.
 It is more environmentally clean alternative to
those fuels and it’s much safer than other fuels in
the event of spill.
 It is made by compressing methane to less than
1% of the volume it occupies at standard
atmospheric pressure.
 Used in domestic fuel and manufacture of
chemicals.

Merits and Demerits of Gaseous
Fuel
 Merits
 The supply of fuel gas and hence the
temperature of furnace is easily and
accurately controlled.
 The high temperature is obtained at a
moderate cost by pre-heating gas and air
with heat of waste gases of combustion.
 They are directly used in internal combustion
engine.
 They do not produce ash or smoke
 They undergo complete combustion with
minimum air supply.

Merits and Demerits of Gaseous
Fuel
 Demerits
They are readily inflammable.
They require large storage capacity.

SELECTION OF FUEL FOR METALLURGICAL
PROCESSES
The principal factors taken into account
in
the selection of a particular type of fuel
are:
 Suitability to process
 Supply position, and
 Cost

OTHER FACTORS THAT DETERMINE FUEL
SELECTION
 The type of heating with respect to
size
 The availability and reliability of supply
of fuels in question
 The efficiency of the heating operation
with the chosen fuel

THE ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF A FUEL
DEPENDS UPON
 Its geographical distribution
 The cost involved in its tapping and
transport
 Calorific value of fuel
 Its combustion or burning quality in air

MAJOR SOURCES OF ENERGY (FUEL) IN THE
WORLD
 Coal
 Oil
 Natural gas
 Uranium and Nuclear
 Hydro Power
 Wind
 Solar PV
 Bio-energy and waste

Source: World Energy Council: World Energy Resources,
2013 survey; 23rd edition for the Survey of Energy Resources
WORLD ENERGY CONSUMPTION, 2013 SURVEY

NATURAL GAS RESERVES
(R/P Rate)

CRUDE OIL vs COAL
 From the reserves and production rate
tables, It is seen that that there is
reduction in the reserves of coal between
1993 and 2011 while crude oil reserves
increase
 However, for the production of steel, the
use of coal as fuel for the blast furnace is
still very much in demand
 According to World Coal
Association(WCA), global steel
production depends on coal. 74% of the
steel produced today uses coal.

COAL
 In 2017, world crude steel production was
1.6 billion tones. WCA CEO, Benjamin
Sporton said, “Despite the headlines the
reality is that coal will continue to play a
significant role in the world’s energy
system. India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and
parts of Southeast Asia will become the
primary engines of future coal demand
growth. Today, coal accounts for 27% of
global primary energy and is the second
most important source of primary
energy.”

APPLICATION OF COAL FOR THE PRODUCTION
OF STEEL
Coal performs three functions, which are:
 Reducing agent
 Source of energy
 Source of carbon

WHY DOES COAL MATTER:
CAN WE MAKE STEEL WITHOUT COAL?
 Currently, natural gas is increasingly
being used as a replacement for oil. To
a certain extent the use of fuel is also
being replaced by electric power
 On the other hand, coal is
indispensable when it comes to the
production of iron, which is further
processed into steel
 Coal cannot be replaced, to any
extent, since it is primarily used as
reducing agent

WHY DOES COAL MATTER:
CAN WE MAKE STEEL WITHOUT COAL?
 A sustainable iron and steel production is
the techno-economic backbone of the
national development of any nation
including in Nigeria
 Coal Action Network Aotearoa (CANA) says
that, “60% of solid energy’s production in
New Zealand is for steel making.”
 The company further says that, “there is no
way of making steel without coal”.

OTHER INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS OF COAL
 Electricity generation
 Steel production
 Cement manufacturing
 Liquid fuel
 Chemical by-products—ammonia gas for agricultural
fertilizer, plastics and fibres, phenol and benzenes
 Silicon metals for water repellants, resins silicones
and silanes for cosmetics, hair shampoo, toothpaste
 Carbon fibre—extremely strong but lightweight,
reinforcement material used in construction,
mountain bikes
 Activated carbon—filters for water, air purification,
and in kidney dialysis machine

In fact, iron and steel are so important that a
steel
company in the Republic of South Korea has
this
inscription on its entrance: “A nation that
controls Iron controls the world” – Pohang
Steel Company Ltd

Fluxes
 A flux is derived from Latin “fluxus”
meaning “flow”
 It is a chemical cleaning agent, flowing
agent, or purifying agent.
 Fluxes may have more than one
function at a time. They are used in
both extractive metallurgy and metal
joining.

FLUX
 A metallurgical flux is a substance that is
added to combine with gangue
(unwanted materials) during ore smelting
to form slag that can be separated from
the molten metal
 It is also used with additives in metal
joining process

Classes of Flux
 Acidic Fluxes: These are fluxes that
generally form acids in water and bases.
Examples are silica, alumina, and
phosphorus
 Basic fluxes: are those that would generally
form bases in water. Examples are lime and
magnesia
 Neutral fluxes: are neutral substances
because it can be viewed as the reaction
product of a base and an acid. Examples are
fluorspar, calcium, fluoride
* Alumina can act as a basic or acidic flux.

Classes of Flux
 The degree of acidity or basicity of flux is
often specified to characterize the slag
chemistry for a particular system.
 For example, steelmaking uses slags with
more bases (lime and magnesia) than acids
(silica and alumina).

FLUXES
 The minerals and compounds used as
fluxes depend on five basic things, which
are;
 the process requirements
 availability
 costs
 requirements for recycling of
intermediate products; and
 environmental concerns

Flux Addition Process
 Fluxes are used in metallurgical
processes either in iron-making process
or steelmaking process.
 In ironmaking, the flux is added either by
direct charging or through sinter and
fluxed pellets, while;
 In steelmaking, flux is added as lime or
dolomitic lime that are either charged as
lumps or injected as fines

 Some flux materials are added to repair
smelting and refining vessel refractory
linings.
 The selection of the flux to be added
depends on the type of process and type of
refractory.
 For instance, in copper smelting, an acid
slag practice is used, and silica is added for
repair of refractories in some parts of the

 Since 90% of all metal production is iron
and steel, the major fluxes consumed will
be those used in iron-making and
steelmaking, that is, limestone, dolomite,
lime, fluorspar, or siliceous sources
 However, some small amounts lime and
dolomite are used in nonferrous smelting,
particularly in smelting and refining of
copper and lead ores

Flux Selection
The selection of flux for a particular process
may be dependent on:
 The chemistry of flux to be employed
 Size of flux available
 Geographical location and economics

Limestone and Dolomite
Fluxes
 Limestone is a naturally occurring mineral. The
term limestone is applied to any calcareous
sedimentary rock consisting essentially of
carbonates.
 The ore is widely available geographically all
over the world. Earth’s crust contains more than
4 % of calcium carbonate.
 Limestone is theoretically composed of
exclusively calcium carbonate (CaCO3). When
limestone contains a certain portion of
magnesium, it is called dolomite or dolomitic
limestone (CaCO3.MgCO3).

Fluxes
 Generally, limestone and dolomite are
composed of calcium carbonate
(CaCO3), magnesium carbonate
(MgCO3), silica (SiO2), alumina (Al2O3),
iron (Fe), sulfur (S) and other trace
elements.

Fluxes
Limestone Dolomite

Physical Properties of Limestone
and Dolomite
 Resistance physical degradation: during
handling and transportation is also important
to minimize the amount of fines formed
 Thermal decrepitation: Thermal decrepitation
and physical degradation are not desirable
because the permeability of the furnace
burden is reduced by the presence of fines.
Experience has shown that fine-grained
stone decrepitates less than coarse-grained
stone in the blast furnace (Gault and Ames,
1960). Resistance of the stone to physical
degradation during handling and
transportation is also important to minimize
the amount of fines formed.

Chemical Reactions of
 Limestone and dolomite are calcined or heated to
drive off the carbon dioxide prior to use in
steelmaking.
 Calcination is usually done in rotary kilns at 900 to
1100°C. The reaction proceeds according to:
CaCO3(s) = CaO(s) + CO2(g) for limestone, and
(Mg,Ca)CO3(s) = (Mg,Ca)O(s) + CO2(g) for dolomite,
 Also, the sulfur content of the lime should be low,
and The sulfur level in the calcined lime is controlled
by regulating the oxygen content in the calcining
system exit gas.

REQUIREMENTS FOR FLUORSPAR
 Fluorspar or calcium fluoride (CaF2) is
used as a flux along with lime to
improve the fluidity of slag in
steelmaking and subsequent ladle
metallurgy processing
 The fluorspar can be added as lumps,
gravel-sized material, or as fines
incorporated in briquettes

PROPERTIES OF SLAG
 Melting Point
 Viscosity
 Density
The successful application of a slag in a
metallurgical process depends on the slag
chemistry and properties of the molten slag
which are obtained by selecting the proper
fluxes

Applications/Uses of Flux
 Smelting processes
 Iron and steel making
 External Treatment of Hot Metal
 Oxygen steel making
 Ladle metallurgy
 Continuous casting

PROBLEMS AND FUTURE TRENDS IN FLUXES AS
REGARDS METALLURGY
 The demand for saving energy and
improving the environment, the
consumption of flux for metallurgical
purposes is likely to continue
downward.
 Metal production and flux
consumption will be influenced by
new process technologies, recycling,
and substitution.

PROBLEMS AND FUTURE TRENDS IN FLUXES AS
REGARDS METALLURGY
 Identifiable trends are the use of
composite and lightweight materials in
transportation vehicles, the increased
use of high technology devices and
miniaturization.
 Substitution of plastics, composites,
and light alloys including aluminum
will impact the use of steel and the
attendant flux consumption

CONCLUSION
The above shows the design and construction
of furnaces (blast furnace) for the industrial
production of iron and further purports that
furnaces are essential equipment for both an iron
making and steelmaking processes.
It is also ascertained that the growth of economic
depends largely on the production of steel.
In addition, the steel industry is seen as the
largest
employer of labor due to their work multiplier
effect.

CONCLUSION
 More over, coal is seen as an indispensable
source of energy for the production of iron,
which eventually brings about the
production of steel
 From the research, it is also seen, as of this
moment, that steel cannot be made without
coal

CONCLUSION
 Finally, the existence of steel is largely dependent
on furnaces, fuel and fluxes, and these three
materials must be properly optimized with the
development of new clean energy technologies.
 Reduction in adverse effect of burning coal in the
environment and superior substitute for fluxes can
improve the production of steel and hence, boost
the economic values of steel, especially in
underdeveloped countries like Nigeria
 As a result, this can be seen as a panacea to
stagnancy and retrogression that has battered
Nigeria for decades.

Furnace, fuels and fluxes

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