2. Contents
• Introduction
• Thermoelectric generator
• Advantages
• Civil Component
• Electronics Component
• Physics component
• Mathematics cmponent
• Future Inventions
• References
• Conclusion
Where is my new
computer?
I’m wearing it.
3. Three Types Of Wearables ….
1. Smartwatches – A wearable device that is worn on the wrist and usually takes
place of a wristwatch.
2. Smart-eyewear - A wearable device worn like glasses that have some sort of
screen that gives the user a heads-up-display.
3. Healthwear-Wearable devices that monitor the wearer's bodily functions such as pulse or steps taken. They
often provide feedback about the user's health.
4. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR
( HEAT + ELECTRICITY )
A THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR, OR TEG (ALSO CALLED A SEEBECK
GENERATOR) IS A SOLID STATE DEVICE THAT CONVERTS HEAT
(TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES) DIRECTLY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
THROUGH A PHENOMENON CALLED THE SEEBECK EFFECT (A FORM
OF THERMOELECTRIC EFFECT).
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS FUNCTION LIKE HEAT ENGINES,
BUT ARE LESS BULKY AND HAVE NO MOVING PARTS. HOWEVER, TEGS
ARE TYPICALLY MORE EXPENSIVE AND LESS EFFICIENT.
5. Q) WHAT DOES IT TAKE TO BE A THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATOR?
THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS GENERATE POWER
DIRECTLY FROM HEAT BY CONVERTING
TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCES INTO
ELECTRIC VOLTAGE. THESE MATERIALS
MUST HAVE BOTH HIGH
ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (Σ)AND LOW
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY (Κ) TO BE GOOD
THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS. HAVING LOW
THERMAL CONDUCTIVITY ENSURES THAT WHEN
ONE SIDE IS MADE HOT, THE OTHER SIDE STAYS COOL,
WHICH HELPS TO GENERATE A LARGE VOLTAGE WHILE IN A TEMPERATURE
GRADIENT.
6. THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS IN WEARABLES?
RESEARCHERS AT THE KOREA ADVANCED
INSTITUTE OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
(KAIST) HAVE DEVELOPED A LIGHTWEIGHT
,FLEXIBLE AND HIGH-EFFICIENCY
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR THAT CAN
HARNESS YOUR BODY HEAT TO
GENERATE A SMALL AMOUNT OF ELECTRICITY. THE DEVICE
COULD BE USED TO EXTEND THE BATTERY LIFE OF LOW-POWER
WEARABLE DEVICES.
7. ADVANTAGES ??
THE MAIN ADVANTAGE OF THIS NEW DESIGN IS
THAT THE DEVICE DOESN'T NEED ADDITIONAL
THICK, EXTERNAL LAYERS TO MECHANICALLY
SUPPORT THE STRUCTURE. IN PREVIOUS DESIGNS,
THIS WAS EXACTLY WHAT MADE THERMOELECTRIC
GENERATORS BULKY, HEAVY, RIGID AND INEFFICIENT. INSTEAD, IN THIS NEW
DESIGN, THE GLASS FABRIC ENCLOSES THE
THERMOELECTRIC MATERIALS WITHOUT SACRIFICING
THICKNESS, FLEXIBILITY OR EFFICIENCY, OPENING UP
INTERESTING NEW APPLICATIONS IN
WEARABLE ELECTRONICS.
8. CIVIL COMPONENT
1.) HYBRID PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR ARE OFTEN USED TO
ELECTRIFY REMOTE SITES.
THESE ARE GENERATORS THAT COMBINE SEVERAL TYPES OF
COMPLEMENTARY POWER LIKE PHOTOVOLTAIC COMBINED WITH A
GENERATOR.
2.) NOW A DAYS ITS VERY POPULAR TO KEEP A BACKUP POWER IN ALL
THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF HOUSES SO A PHOTOVOLTANIC WIND.
PHOTOVOLTANIC WIND: IT IS A PHOTOVOLTANIC ARRAY WHICH IS
COUPLED WITH A WIND TURBINE WHICH PRODUCES HYBRID ENERGY OR HYBRID POWER
WHICH OFTEN YIELD GREATER ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL RETURNS THAN OTHER ENERGY
SOURCES.
9. ELECTRICAL COMPONENT
PIEZOELECTRICITY
1.)PIEZOELECTRICITYS THE ELECTRIC CHARGE
THAT ACCUMULATES IN CERTAIN SOLID
MATERIALS IN RESPONSE TO THE
MECHANICAL STRESS.
2.) THE PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT IS A REVERSIBLE PROCESS
IN THAT MATERIALS EXHIBITING THE DIRECT
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECT.
10. ELECTRICAL COMPONENT
PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS
1.) PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIALS CAN CONVERT
VIBRATIONAL AND MECHANICAL FORCES
FROM, FOR EXAMPLE, WIND AND WAVES,
INTO AN ELECTRIC CURRENT.
2.) THIS PROPERTY HAS BEEN HARNESSED TO CREATE
BETTER MICROPHONE TRANSDUCERS AND, IN MORE
RECENT YEARS, TO HARVEST ENERGY
FROM CLOTHING, SHOES, AND EVEN TRAFFIC.
3.) QUARTZ CRYSTAL IS ONE OF THE MOST COMMONLY KNOWN PIEZOELECTRIC MATERIAL
12. PHYSICS COMPONENT
THE CURRENT-VOLTAGE-POWER CHARACTERISTICS OF A
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATOR CAN BE EXPLAINED BY A
REDUCTION IN VOLTAGE WITH APPLIED CURRENT DUE TO THE
INTERNAL RESISTANCE OF THE THERMOELECTRIC MATERIAL.
AT ZERO CURRENT THE (OPEN CIRCUIT) VOLTAGE IS HIGH BUT
NO POWER IS PRODUCED. AS THE CURRENT IS INCREASED,
THE POWER INCREASES TO A MAXIMUM. AT HIGH CURRENTS,
THE VOLTAGE DROPS TO ZERO OR BELOW AND THE POWER
PRODUCED DROPS TO ZERO OR BECOMES NEGATIVE
(CONSUMING INSTEAD OF PRODUCING POWER).
SNOWY HYDROPOWER IS EXPLORING POTENTIAL USES OF WEARABLE
DEVICES. DEVICES LIKE GOOGLE GLASS THAT COULD PROVIDE
INSTRUCTIONS TO WORKERS AS THEY APPROACH EQUIPMENT IN THE
PLANT.IF YOU’RE A MAINTENANCE GUY ON THE PLANT THAT DOESN’T HAVE MUCH
EXPERIENCE, YOU CAN WALK UP TO [EQUIPMENT] AND [THE GLASSES] WILL SHOW YOU WHERE PARTS ARE.
13. MATHEMATICAL COMPONENT
HYBRID GENERATORS ARE USED IN SERIES
HYBRID ELECTRIC VEHICLES.
TO CALCULATE IT VARIOUS POWER OUTPUT AND
MEAN VALUE ICE MODEL AND THE ENGINE SPEED
THE FOLLOWING MATHEMATICAL FORMULAES ARE
USED :
PM = RTM(MTHR-ME) / VM
WHERE R IS THE GAS CONSTANT, TM AND VM ARE THE TEMPERATURE AND VOLUME OF THE INTAKE MANIFOLD,
MTHR IS THE THROTTLE MASS FLOW RATE, AND ME IS THE THROTTLE MASS OUTFLOW
14. THE THINGS THAT MIGHT SURPRISE US IN FUTURE?
1.) WHEN WEARABLES CONVERGE WITH
CONNECTED HOMES TO DRIVE EFFICIENCIES WITHOUT
HAVING TO TAP A BUTTON ON A SCREEN?
2.) IMAGINE APPROACHING YOUR HOME’S DOOR WITH
GROCERIES IN HAND, AND THE HEARTBEAT SIGNATURE
VIA YOUR WEARABLE SIGNALS THE DOOR’S SMARTLOCK
TO UNLOCK. WHILE CROSSING YOUR LIVING ROOM,
A SENSOR ON YOUR WRIST WEARABLE NOTICES YOUR
CORE BODY TEMPERATURE IS ABOVE AVERAGE AND
AUTOMATICALLY INTERACTS WITH NEST THERMOSTAT
TO TRIGGER THE AIR CONDITIONING.
15. WHILE TEG TECHNOLOGY HAS BEEN USED IN MILITARY AND
AEROSPACE APPLICATIONS FOR DECADES, NEW TE
MATERIALS AND SYSTEMS ARE BEING DEVELOPED TO GENERATE
POWER USING LOW OR HIGH TEMPERATURES WASTE HEAT,
AND THAT COULD PROVIDE A SIGNIFICANT OPPORTUNITY IN THE
NEAR FUTURE.
THESE SYSTEMS CAN ALSO BE SCALABLE TO ANY SIZE AND HAVE
LOWER OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE COST.
IN GENERAL, INVESTING IN TEG TECHNOLOGY IS INCREASING RAPIDLY.
THE GLOBAL MARKET FOR THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS IS ESTIMATED
TO BE US$320 MILLION IN 2015.
A RECENT STUDY ESTIMATED THAT TEG IS EXPECTED TO REACH
$720 MILLION IN 2021 WITH A GROWTH RATE OF 14.5%.
TODAY, NORTH AMERICA CAPTURE 66% OF THE MARKET SHARE AND
IT WILL CONTINUE TO BE THE BIGGEST MARKET IN THE NEAR FUTURE.
16. REFRENCES
1. J. VÁZQUEZ, M.A. SANZ-BOBI, R. PALACIOS, A. ARENAS, STATE OF THE ART OF
THERMOELECTRIC GENERATORS BASED ON HEAT RECOVERED FROM THE EXHAUST
GASES OF AUTOMOBILES, HTTP://WWW.IIT.UPCOMILLAS.ES/PALACIOS/THERMO/
(ACCESSED IN MAY, 2008).
2. L.D. HICKS, M.S. DRESSELHAUS, THERMOELECTRIC FIGURE OF MERIT OF A ONE-
DIMENSIONAL CONDUCTOR, PHYS. REV., 47, B, PP. 12727, 1993.
3. A.M. MOREGA, M. MOREGA, A FEM MODEL FOR THERMOELECTRIC AND THE
PIEZOELECTRIC EFFECTS, REV. ROUM. SCI. TECHN. – ÉLECTROTECHN. ET ÉNERG., 48, 2-
3, PP. 187-197, 2003.
4. HTTP://WWW.TRIPLEPUNDIT.COM/2015/06/FUTURE-WEARABLE-TECH/ JOURNAL
