Different types of solar cell and Efficiency

1. TYPES OF SOLAR CELL
Submitted by-
Abhishek Ranjan
Batch 11,S5
ISP,CUSAT.

2. A QUICK RECAP
 What Is Solar Cell?
 How Does It Work?
 Where Are Its Applications?
 What Are Its Advantages?
 What Are Its Disadvantages?

3. TYPES OF SOLAR CELL
 Organic Solar Cell
 Cadmium Telluride Solar Cell
 Quantum Dot Solar Cell
 Dye Synthesized Solar Cell
 Plasmonics Solar Cell

4. ORGANIC SOLAR CELL
 A Kind Of Polymer Solar Cell,which Makes Use Of Organic
Electronics,for Light Absorption And Charge Transport To Produce
Electrical Energy From Sunlight Via Photovoltaic Effect.

5. SALIENT FEATURES OF
OSC
 The Optical Absorbtion Coefficient Of Organic Materials Is High.
 Low-cost Of Organic Materials, so Can Be Produced In High
Volumes.
 We Can Change The Band Gap By Changing The Length And The
Functional Group of Organic Molecules.
 It Has Less Efficiency, low Stability, low Strength Against
Temperatures.

6. WORKING
 When these materials absorb a photon, an excited state is created
and confined to a molecule or a region of a polymer chain.
 The excited state can be regarded as an electron-hole pair bound
together by electrostatic interactions, i.e. excitons.
 In photovoltaic cells, excitons are broken up into free electron-hole
pairs by effective fields. The effective fields are set up by creating a
heterojunction between two dissimilar materials

7. TYPES OF ORGANIC
MATERIALS USED

8. SINGLE –LAYER OSC

9. BI-LAYER OSC

10. CADMIUM TELLURIDE
SOLAR CELLS
 Based On The Use Of Cadmium Telluride As A Thin Film
Semiconductor For Producing Electricity.
 Cdte Pv Is The Ecologically Leading Technology As It Provides A
Key Solution To Ecological Issues Like Climate Change,energy
Security Etc.
 Cdte Pv Has The Smallest Carbon Fotprint,and Fastest Energy
Payback Time Of All Solar Technologies.

11. SCHEMATIC VIEW OF
CDTE SC

12. A CDTE ARRAY

13. Advantages Of CdTe SC
 Cadmium Is Abundant-this Makes It Lesss Costly,than Traditional
Silcon Sc.
 Matching With Sunlight-can Absorb Light Of Lower Wavelengths
Too.
 Ease Of Manufacturing-the Electric Field Which Makes The Solar
Energy Into Electricity Stems From The Properties Of Cadmium
Telluride And Cadmium Sulphide, This Makes Manufacturing Easier.

14. CHALLENGES OF CDTE PV
 Tellurium Supply-it Is One Of The Rare Materials.
 Lower Efficiency-this Cell Has A Efficiency Of 10.6% Which Is
Lower Than Monocrystalline And Polycrystalline Silicon Cells.
 Toxicity Of Solar Cells-cadmium Is One Of The 6 Most Deadliest
Element,and Can Cause Various Heart Or Kidney Disorders.

15. QUANTUM DOT SOLAR
CELL
 Quantum Dot Solar Cell Is Based On The Use Of Quantum Dots
For Absorbing Light.
 It Attempts To Replace Bulk Materials Like Silicon Cadmium
Telluride,gallium Arsenide Etc.
 Quantum Dots Have Tuneable Band Gaps Across A Wide Range
Of Energy Level By Changing The Dots Size.

16. QUANTUM DOTS
 Quantum Dots Are Nanocrystals Made Of Semiconductors
Which Are Small Enough To Give Mechanical Properties.
 Its Excitons Are Confined In All Three Dimensions.
 Electronic Characteristics Of Quantum Dots Are Closely Related
To Its Shape And Size.

17. COLLOIDAL QUANTUM
DOTS

18. A QUANTUM DOT SOLAR
CELL

19. IMAGES OF QUANTUM
DOT BY TEM ANALYSIS

20. FEATURES OF QUANTUM
DOT SOLAR CELL
 Generated By Various Advanced Epitaxial Techniques In
Nanocrystals, produced By Chemical Methods Or Ion Implantation.
 Deposited By Spin Coating.
 Quantum Confinement Takes Place In Semiconductors This Is
Because Different Sized Quantum Dots Show Different Properties.

21. DYE-SYNTHESIZED SOLAR
CELL
 Dye-synthesized Pv Is A Thin Film, low Cost Solar Cell Based On
A Semiconductor formed Between Photo-sensitized Anode And An
Electrolyte.
 The Modern Version Of Dye-synthesized Cell Is Called Gratzel
Solar Cell.

22. FEATURES OF DSSC
 Semi-transparent And Semi-flexible Which Offers A Variety Of Uses
Not Possible With Glass –Based Systems.
 Simple To Manufacture Using Roll-to-roll Printing.
 Materials Used Are Of Low Cost.
 Efficient Even At Higher Temperatures.
 Work Even Under Low-light Condition.
 Most Efficient Third-generation Solar Cells

23. DSSC TECHNOLOGY
 It Arose From The Concept Of Artificial Photosynthesis,
attempting The Ability To Plants To Turn Sunlight Into Energy.
 In DSSCs, chlorophyll is replaced by a light absorbing dye, the
molecules of which are excited into a higher energetic state by
incoming light.
 This energy is collected by a structure of electrolytes and catalysts,
much like the surrounding structure of a leaf in photosynthesis.

25. PLASMONICS SOLAR CELL
 They Form A Class Of Solar Cells Which Convert Light Into
Electricity Using Plasmons.
 They Are A Type Of Thin Film Pvs Basically 1-5 Um Thick.
 They Use Substrates Which Are Cheaper Than Glass ,Silicon
,Plasticor Steel.

26. METAL NANOPARTICE
PLASMONIC CELL
 Nanoparticles Are Deposited At The Surface Of Thin Film Sc.
 When Light Hits The Surface At Spr,light Is Scattered In Many
Directions.
 This Allows Light To Travel Along Sc And Bounce Between
Substrate And Nanoparticle Which Allows More Light To Be
Captured.

27. PSC USING METAL
NANOPARTICLE

28. METAL FILM PSC
 A Thin Film Of Silicon Is Taken And A Thin Film Is Deposited
On The Lower Surface
 The Light Will Travel To Silicon And Create Surface Plasmons At
The Interface Of Metal And Silicon
 This Generates Electric Field and Thus Creates Electricity.

29. SCHEMATIC VIEW OF
METAL FILM PSC

30. SURFACE PLASMON
RESONANCE
 It Is Collective Oscillation Of Electrons In Solids Or Liquids.
 Resonance Condition Is Established When Frequency Of Incident
Photon Matches With The Natural Frequency Of Electrons Vibrating
Under The Restoring Force Of Positive Nuclei..

31. EFFICIENCY OF SC
 Efficiency Is Defined As Amount Of Power Of A Solar Cell
Turned Into Electricity From The Amount Of Power Received From
The Sun.It Depends On Various External Factors.

32. THEMODYNAMIC
EFFICIENCY LIMIT
 It Means That Photons With An Energy Above Or Below The
Band-gap Energy Is Not Converted To Electricity.
 The Above Energy Causes Excess Of Kinetic Energy Lost As
Heat, while Below Band-gap Photons Cannot Create Electron-hole
Pair.

33. QUANTUM EFFICIENCY
 QUANTUM EFFICIENCY REFERS TO THE PERCENTAGE
OF PHOTONS THAT ARE CONVERTED INTO ELECTRIC
CURRENTWHEN THE CELL IS WORKED UNDER SHORT –
CIRCUIT CONDITION.
 MOSTLY EXPRESSED AS A SPECTRAL MEASUREMENT.

34. MAXIMUM POWER POINT
 A Solar Cell May Operate Over A Wide Range Of Voltages And
Currents
 ,By Increasing The Resistive Load From A Zero To A Very High
Voltage,we Can Determine The Maximum Power Point .
 It Varies with Incident Lumination Also.

35. FILL FACTOR
 IT IS DEFINED AS AVAILABLE POWER POINT Pm
DIVIDED BYTHE OPEN CIRCUIT VOLTAGE Voc AND
SHORT CIRCUIT CURRENT Isc.

36. FUTURE PLANS
 IN ORDER TO INCREASE EFFICIENCY SUCH MATERIALS
HAVE TO BE CHOSEN ,WHICH ABSORBS MORE LIGHT AND IS
OF LOW-COST.
 WE CAN ALSO USE EFFICIENT ANTI-REFLECTION
COATINGS WHICH CAN INCREASE THE TRANSMISSION AND
REDUCE THE REFLECTION.
 WE CAN USE CONCENTRATORS TO FOCUS LIGHT.
 A VERY ACTIVE RESEARCH IS GOING ON IN THIS FIELD.

37. REFERENCES
 www.wikipedia.com
 www.howstuffswork.com
 www.solarfactsandadvices.com
 www.science.org.com
 www.solarsparks.co.uk
 www.solarlove.org.in