This presentation explains methods of some of famous philophers and about their methodolgy. Presentation is focoused on basic four philosphers. But name of some famous philosphers is listed.

1. Famous Philosophers Of
The World
“I doubt, therefore I think. I think, therefore I am.”
-Rene Descartes

2. What is Philosophy?
• Philosophy requires faith that doers can be thinkers as well.
Otherwise, it has no point of application.
• Philosophy that does not touch politics is either bad math or bad
poetry.
• Philosophy is not action.
• When philosophy becomes action we call it revolution.

3. Definition of Philosophy
• Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental
problems concerning matters such as existence, knowledge,
values, reason, mind, and language.
• The study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality,
and existence, especially when considered as an academic
discipline.
• A theory or attitude that acts as a guiding principle for
behavior.
• "don't expect anything and you won't be disappointed, that's my philosophy"

4. Famous Philosophers
• Arthur Schopenhauer
• Bertrand Russell
• Plato
• Aristotle
• Isaac Newton
• Charles Darwin
• Hippocrates
• Democritus
• Thales
• Sigmund Freud
• HEmpedocles
• ellenism
• Stoics
• Cynics
• Neoplatonism
• Renaissance
• Francis Bacon
• Immanuel Kant
• Descartes
• Locke

6. Socrates(469-399 B.C.)
• Socrates was a classical Greek philosopher and the main source of Western
thought.
• Socrates was born circa 470 BC, in Athens, Greece.
• We know of his life through the writings of his students, including Plato
and Xenophon.
• "Socratic method" laid the groundwork for Western systems of logic and
philosophy.
• Political climate of Greece turned, Socrates was sentenced to death by
hemlock poisoning in 399 BC.
• Accepted this judgment rather than fleeing into exile.

7. Socrates(469-399 B.C.)
• Classical GreekSchool
• Ancient PhilosophyERA
• Western PhilosophyRegion
• Epistemology
• EthicsInterests
• Socratic Method
• Socratic ConceptsNotable Ideas

8. Philosophy
• Socrates devoted his whole life in teaching people how to be virtue
(shaping of all the fundamental characteristics of a person).
• He believed for one to be virtuous, he has to possesses not one but
all five of these characteristics:
1) Truth
2) Courage
3) Justice
4) Wisdom
5) Happiness

10. Philosophy
He also has three fundamental rules that made him one of the
most well-known philosopher:
1) He said no “know-thy-self”. (know who you are)
2) The unexamined life is not worth living. (question everything
all the time)
3) All I know is that I don’t know anything for certain. (don’t
think you have all the answers

12. Socratic Method
The Socratic method is a method of hypothesis
elimination, in that better hypotheses are found by
steadily identifying and eliminating those that lead to
contradictions.
The Socratic method searches for general, commonly held
truths that shape beliefs and scrutinizes them to
determine their consistency with other beliefs.

14. Socrates’ Death (399 B.C.)
• Dispelling the Myths. In 399BC, Socrates was sentenced to death.
• The charges, as far as we can reconstruct them, were
vague: impiety, worshipping new gods, corrupting the
young.
• The most famous case of hemlock poisoning was that of Greek
philosopher Socrates.
• The 70-year-old was found guilty of heresy in a trial in Athens. His
sentence was death by hemlock, and he had to drink the poison
by his own hand.

17. Diogenes of Sinope(412 BC-323 BC)

18. Diogenes of Sinope(412 BC-323 BC)
“He has the most who is most content with the least”

19. Diogenes of Sinope(412 BC-323 BC)
• Greek PhilosophySchool
• Ancient PhilosophyERA
• Western PhilosophyRegion
• Synic Philoshophy
• Cosmopolitanism
Notable
Ideas

20. Diogenes of Sinope(412 BC-323 BC)
• One of the founders of cynical philosophy
• Era of Alexander the Great
• Dedicated to living life “according to nature,”; eschewing social
norms by exercising one’s ultimate freedom (eleutheria) and free
speech (parrhesia).
• Cynics
• Lived in a barrel and carried a lamp and a bowl.

21. Diogenes of Sinope(412 BC-323 BC)
• Followed Socrates’ way of living and taking it to the extremes
• He was a philosopher who became the informal image of the
philosopher and was cynical before it was even cool.
• He helped create a name for the Cynic philosophy and is partly
responsible for the misrepresentation of the modern day
philosopher.
• Diogenes’ core idea was that Man should live in accordance with
nature, as simply as possible.
• Mocked Plato and Alexander The Great

22. Diogenes of Sinope(412 BC-323 BC)
• Diogenes said that everything we own should come from ourselves:
confidence, happiness, et cetera.
• Two of the key principles of Cynicism were freedom and free
speech.
• To be a Cynic, you must be free from society’s and life’s
constraints and you must also speak without fear.
• Happiness belong to the man who is independent of society and
that civilization is regressive.
• Here is Plato’s man

23. Diogenes of Sinope(412 BC-323 BC)
“In a rich man's house there is no place to spit but his face”

24. Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)

25. Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)
• Nietzsche attacked the Christian religion, as represented by
churches and institutions, for what he called it is "transvaluation"
of healthy instinctive values. Transvaluation consists of the
process by which one can view the meaning of a concept or
ideology from a "higher" context.
• Nietzsche was a German philosopher, essayist, and cultural critic.
His writings on truth, morality, language, aesthetics, cultural
theory, history, nihilism, power, consciousness, and the meaning
of existence have exerted an enormous influence on Western
philosophy and intellectual history contradictions.

26. Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)
• Continental Philosophy
• German Idealism
School
• 19th-Century PhilosophyERA
• Western PhilosophyRegion
• Will to power
Notable
Ideas

27. Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)
“To live is to suffer, to survive is to find some
meaning in the suffering. “

28. Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)
• Studied “Classics” and became a brilliant professor.
• Left the University to live in solitude and write.
• By his mid-40s, Nietzsche began his life-long battle with metal
illness. (engendered by syphilis)
• By the 1890s, he became internationally know, although he knew
nothing of success.
• In 1900, at age of 56, Nietzsche died in an insane asylum.
• His Life-Long Goal: He was committed to teaching us how to live
life to the fullest.
• This could best be done in a godless, meaningless world!

29. Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)
• The Horizon(In The Use and Abuse of History)ERA.
• Every society has a Moral Horizon.
• Great men create horizons for us.

30. Friedrich Nietzsche(1844-1900)
“ There are no beautiful surfaces without a
terrible depth ”

31. Any Questions?