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Introduction to Database Fundamentals and Concepts
1.
Copyright © 2004
Pearson Education, Inc.
2.
Copyright © 2004
Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter 1 Introduction and Conceptual Modeling
3.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-3 Types of Databases and Database Applications ïŹNumeric and Textual Databases ïŹMultimedia Databases ïŹGeographic Information Systems (GIS) ïŹData Warehouses ïŹReal-time and Active Databases A number of these databases and applications are described later in the book (see Chapters 24,28,29)
4.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-4 Basic Definitions ïŹ Database: A collection of related data. ïŹ Data: Known facts that can be recorded and have an implicit meaning. ïŹ Mini-world: Some part of the real world about which data is stored in a database. For example, student grades and transcripts at a university. ïŹ Database Management System (DBMS): A software package/ system to facilitate the creation and maintenance of a computerized database. ïŹ Database System: The DBMS software together with the data itself. Sometimes, the applications are also included.
5.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-5 Typical DBMS Functionality ïŹ Define a database : in terms of data types, structures and constraints ïŹ Construct or Load the Database on a secondary storage medium ïŹ Manipulating the database : querying, generating reports, insertions, deletions and modifications to its content ïŹ Concurrent Processing and Sharing by a set of users and programs â yet, keeping all data valid and consistent
6.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-6 Typical DBMS Functionality Other features: â Protection or Security measures to prevent unauthorized access â âActiveâ processing to take internal actions on data â Presentation and Visualization of data
7.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-7 Example of a Database (with a Conceptual Data Model) ïŹ Mini-world for the example: Part of a UNIVERSITY environment. ïŹ Some mini-world entities: â STUDENTs â COURSEs â SECTIONs (of COURSEs) â (academic) DEPARTMENTs â INSTRUCTORs Note: The above could be expressed in the ENTITY- RELATIONSHIP data model.
8.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-8 Example of a Database (with a Conceptual Data Model) ïŹ Some mini-world relationships: â SECTIONs are of specific COURSEs â STUDENTs take SECTIONs â COURSEs have prerequisite COURSEs â INSTRUCTORs teach SECTIONs â COURSEs are offered by DEPARTMENTs â STUDENTs major in DEPARTMENTs Note: The above could be expressed in the ENTITY- RELATIONSHIP data model.
9.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-9 Main Characteristics of the Database Approach ïŹ Self-describing nature of a database system: A DBMS catalog stores the description of the database. The description is called meta-data). This allows the DBMS software to work with different databases. ïŹ Insulation between programs and data: Called program-data independence. Allows changing data storage structures and operations without having to change the DBMS access programs.
10.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-10 Main Characteristics of the Database Approach ïŹ Data Abstraction: A data model is used to hide storage details and present the users with a conceptual view of the database. ïŹ Support of multiple views of the data: Each user may see a different view of the database, which describes only the data of interest to that user.
11.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-11 Main Characteristics of the Database Approach ïŹ Sharing of data and multiuser transaction processing : allowing a set of concurrent users to retrieve and to update the database. Concurrency control within the DBMS guarantees that each transaction is correctly executed or completely aborted. OLTP (Online Transaction Processing) is a major part of database applications.
12.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-12 Database Users Users may be divided into those who actually use and control the content (called âActors on the Sceneâ) and those who enable the database to be developed and the DBMS software to be designed and implemented (called âWorkers Behind the Sceneâ).
13.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-13 Database Users Actors on the scene â Database administrators: responsible for authorizing access to the database, for co- ordinating and monitoring its use, acquiring software, and hardware resources, controlling its use and monitoring efficiency of operations. â Database Designers: responsible to define the content, the structure, the constraints, and functions or transactions against the database. They must communicate with the end-users and understand their needs. â End-users: they use the data for queries, reports and some of them actually update the database content.
14.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-14 Categories of End-users ïŹ Casual : access database occasionally when needed ïŹ NaĂŻve or Parametric : they make up a large section of the end-user population. They use previously well-defined functions in the form of âcanned transactionsâ against the database. Examples are bank-tellers or reservation clerks who do this activity for an entire shift of operations.
15.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-15 Categories of End-users ïŹ Sophisticated : these include business analysts, scientists, engineers, others thoroughly familiar with the system capabilities. Many use tools in the form of software packages that work closely with the stored database. ïŹ Stand-alone : mostly maintain personal databases using ready-to-use packaged applications. An example is a tax program user that creates his or her own internal database.
16.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-16 Advantages of Using the Database Approach ïŹControlling redundancy in data storage and in development and maintenence efforts. ïŹSharing of data among multiple users. ïŹRestricting unauthorized access to data. ïŹProviding persistent storage for program Objects (in Object-oriented DBMSâs â see Chs. 20-22) ïŹProviding Storage Structures for efficient Query Processing
17.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-17 Advantages of Using the Database Approach ïŹProviding backup and recovery services. ïŹProviding multiple interfaces to different classes of users. ïŹRepresenting complex relationships among data. ïŹEnforcing integrity constraints on the database. ïŹDrawing Inferences and Actions using
18.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-18 Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach ïŹ Potential for enforcing standards: this is very crucial for the success of database applications in large organizations Standards refer to data item names, display formats, screens, report structures, meta-data (description of data) etc. ïŹ Reduced application development time: incremental time to add each new application is reduced.
19.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-19 Additional Implications of Using the Database Approach ïŹ Flexibility to change data structures: database structure may evolve as new requirements are defined. ïŹ Availability of up-to-date information â very important for on-line transaction systems such as airline, hotel, car reservations. ïŹ Economies of scale: by consolidating data and applications across departments wasteful overlap of resources and personnel can be avoided.
20.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-20 Historical Development of Database Technology ïŹ Early Database Applications: The Hierarchical and Network Models were introduced in mid 1960âs and dominated during the seventies. A bulk of the worldwide database processing still occurs using these models. ïŹ Relational Model based Systems: The model that was originally introduced in 1970 was heavily researched and experimented with in IBM and the universities. Relational DBMS Products emerged in the 1980âs.
21.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-21 Historical Development of Database Technology ïŹ Object-oriented applications: OODBMSs were introduced in late 1980âs and early 1990âs to cater to the need of complex data processing in CAD and other applications. Their use has not taken off much. ïŹ Data on the Web and E-commerce Applications: Web contains data in HTML (Hypertext markup language) with links among pages. This has given rise to a new set of applications and E-commerce is using new standards like XML (eXtended Markup Language).
22.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-22 Extending Database Capabilities ïŹ New functionality is being added to DBMSs in the following areas: â Scientific Applications â Image Storage and Management â Audio and Video data management â Data Mining â Spatial data management â Time Series and Historical Data Management The above gives rise to new research and development in incorporating new data types, complex data structures, new operations and storage and indexing schemes in database systems.
23.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-23 When not to use a DBMS ïŹ Main inhibitors (costs) of using a DBMS: â High initial investment and possible need for additional hardware. â Overhead for providing generality, security, concurrency control, recovery, and integrity functions. ïŹ When a DBMS may be unnecessary: â If the database and applications are simple, well defined, and not expected to change. â If there are stringent real-time requirements that may not be met because of DBMS overhead. â If access to data by multiple users is not required.
24.
Elmasri and Navathe,
Fundamentals of Database Systems, Fourth Edition Copyright © 2004 Pearson Education, Inc. Slide 1-24 When not to use a DBMS ïŹWhen no DBMS may suffice: â If the database system is not able to handle the complexity of data because of modeling limitations â If the database users need special operations not supported by the DBMS.
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