Golgi bodies, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and glyoxysomes are intracellular organelles that have important structural and functional roles in eukaryotic cells. Golgi bodies package and transport proteins and lipids within cells. Lysosomes contain digestive enzymes and help degrade and recycle cellular components. Peroxisomes produce hydrogen peroxide and are involved in lipid metabolism. Glyoxysomes facilitate the breakdown of stored lipids into carbohydrates during seed germination. These organelles work collaboratively and with other cell structures to carry out vital biochemical processes.

1. Welcome

2. Golgi Body, Lysosomes,
Peroxisomes,
Glyoxisomes :Origin,Chemical
Composition,Structure & Function

3. Golgi Body
• Golgi complex was first describing by Camillo Golgi in
1890 in nerve cells of cat and owl.
• A network of stacked membranous vesicles present in
most living cells that functions in the formation of
secretions within the cell are known as Golgi apparatus.
• Composed – lamellae, tubules, vesicles and vacuoles.
 Structure:
• Is made up of several stack of parallel,flattened sac or
cisternae.
• Many peripheral tubules and vesicles.

5. Function:
1. Packaging of food materials such as proteins,
lipids and phospholipids for transport to other
cells.
2. It secrete many granules and lysosomes.
3. The golgi apparatus also protects against cell
destruction known as apoptosis.

6. Lysosomes
• Lysosomes (hydrolytic particles) were called pericanalicular
bodies, first discovered in 1949.
• The term Lysosome was first used by de Duve in 1955.
• Lysosomes are membrane bound organelles that are found
mainly in the animal cells.
• Greek word 'lysis' means destruction or dissolution or
digestive and 'soma' means body.
• originated from golgi bodies.
• In plant cell they are bounded storage granules and contain
hydrolytic digestive enzymes.
• Cell organelles with large number of digestive enzymes
which are used primarily for digestion of intracellular
substances and removal of excess or worn-out organelles,
food particles and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
• Help in destroying dead cells from tissue.

8.  Structure:
• Lysosomes are surrounded by a single membrane unique in
composition.
• The membrane contains highly glycosylated lysosomal
associated membrane proteins (LAMP) and lysosomal integral
membrane proteins (LIMP).
• That constitute about 50% of all lysosomal membrane
proteins.
 Function:
1. Digestion of intracellular substances and foreign particles,
which comes in the cell by pinocytosis and phagocytosis.
Thus lysosomes act as a disposal system of the cell.
2. To repair the damage to the plasma membrane.
3. Lysosomes are also involved in programmes cell death, or
autolysis. This is the reason why lysosomes are often called
as ‘suicide sacs’.

9. Peroxisomes
• Peroxisomes are membrane bound organelles, occurring
in the cytoplasm of almost all eukaryotic cells.
• Also called Microbodies.
• Their existence was first discovered by J. Rhodin in 1954.
• They are found in nearly all eukaryotic cells
• Human cells may contain upto hundred peroxisomes
depending on type of cell.
• They are called “Peroxisomes” because they are the site
of synthesis and degradation of Hydrogen Peroxide
[H2O2], a highly reactive and toxic oxidizing agent.

11.  Structure:
• They are particles of about 100- 500 nm in diameter.
• A lipid bilayer membrane surrounds which regulates what
enters and exits the peroxisome.
• There are at least 32 known peroxisomal proteins, called
peroxins, which carry out peroxisomal function inside the
organelle.
• Peroxisomes have the thickest membrane of all organalles.
• It has a dense matrix that contain enzymes. More than 30
different enzymes are present in peroxisomes.
 Function:
• Detoxification of alcohol and other toxic compounds.
• Biosynthesis of plasmogens, ether phospholipids, which are
necessary for normal function of brain and lungs.
• Synthesis of unsaturated fatty acids.
• Participates in the synthesis of cholesterol.

12. Glyoxisomes
• Glyoxysomes are specialized peroxisomes found
in plants (particularly in the fat storage tissues of
germinating seeds) and also in filamentous fungi.
• first discovered by Harry Beevers in 1961.
• Glyoxysomes possess the key enzymes of
glyoxylate cycle (isocitrate lyase and malate
synthase).
• Glyoxysomes are found in contact with lipid
bodies in cotyledons or endosperm where fatty
acids are being converted to carbohydrate (sugars)
during germination.

13.  Structure:
• They have a single membrane.
• They have high equilibrium density in sucrose gradient
centrifugation.
• Their matrix (internal content) is finely granular.
 Function:
• Allows seeds to use lipid as a source of energy to form
shoot and root during germination.
• The lipid stores of germinating seeds are used for the
formation of the carbohydrates that fuel the growth and
development of the organisms.
• Glyoxysomes also functions in photorespiration and
nitrogen fixation.

14. Peroxisomes: versatile organelles with
diverse roles in plants
• Peroxisomes are small, ubiquitous organelles that are
delimited by a single membrane and lack genetic material.
• In plants, peroxisomes are essential for growth and
development and perform diverse metabolic functions,
many of which are carried out coordinately by peroxisomes
and other organelles physically interacting with
peroxisomes.
• In this study showed that peroxisomes addressing areas such
as the diverse proteome, regulation of division and protein
import, pexophagy, matrix protein degradation, solute
transport, signaling, redox homeostasis and various
metabolic and physiological functions.
MSU, United States of America Pan et al.,2020

15. • Peroxisomes are extremely variable in number,
appearance and protein content, and function
collaboratively with other organelles in various
metabolic pathways.
• In development and metabolism between
monocots and dicots, peroxisomes probably
perform monocot-specific functions that could
be applicable to agriculture for the
improvement of crop performance and vigor.
MSU, United States of America Pan et al.,2020

16. Golgi-mediated synthesis and secretion of
matrix polysaccharides of the primary cell
wall of higher plants
• The Golgi apparatus of eukaryotic cells is known for its
central role in the processing, sorting, and transport of
proteins to intra- and extra-cellular compartments.
• In plants, it has the additional task of assembling and
exporting the non-cellulosic polysaccharides of the cell
wall matrix including pectin and hemicelluloses, which
are important for plant development and protection.
• In this review, we focus on the biosynthesis of complex
polysaccharides of the primary cell wall of
eudicotyledonous plants.
University of California, USA Azeddine et al.,2012

17. • We present and discuss the compartmental
organization of the Golgi stacks with regards to
complex polysaccharide assembly and secretion
using immuno-electron microscopy and specific
antibodies recognizing various sugar epitopes.
• We also discuss the significance of the recently
identified Golgi-localized glycosyltransferases
responsible for the biosynthesis of xyloglucan
(XyG) and pectin.
University of California, USA Azeddine et al.,2012

18. References
• Singh,B.D. 2019.Genetics(3rd edn.).Kalyani Publishers,
New Delhi.
• https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK9930/.
• P.M. Dey, J.B. Harborne, 1997.Plant Biochemistry, The
Plant, the Cell and its Molecular Components.
• Pan, R.; Liu, J.; Wang, S. and Hu, J. (2020). Peroxisomes:
versatile organelles with diverse roles in plants. New
Phytologist.225(4): 1410-1427.
• Driouich, A.; Chevalier, L.; Vicré, M. and Lerouxel, O.
(2012). Golgi-mediated synthesis and secretion of matrix
polysaccharides of the primary cell wall of higher
plants. Frontiers in plant science. 3: 79.