BIODIVERSITY deals with the degree of nature’s variety in the biosphere.

1. BIODIVERSITY
PRESENTEDBY:
AkhilMadankar
asmadankar@gmail.com

2. BIODIVERSITY
 BIOLOGICAL DIVERSITY or BIODIVERSITY is part of nature
which include the differences in genes among the
individual of a species ; the variety & richness of all the
plant & animal species at different scales in space –locally
,in a region ,in country & the world ;& the types of
ecosystem, both terrestrial and aquatic, within a defined
area.
 In short, BIODIVERSITY deals with the degree of nature’s
variety in the biosphere.

3. EVOLUTION & HISTORY
 Biodiversity is the result of 3.5 billion years of evolution.
 The origin of life has not been definitely established by science, however
some evidence suggests that life may already have been well-established
only a few hundred million years after the formation of the Earth.
 The history of biodiversity during the Phanerozoic (the last 540 million
years), starts with rapid growth during the Cambrian explosion—a period
during which nearly every phylum of multicellular organisms first
appeared.
 The fossil record suggests that the last few million years featured the
greatest biodiversity in history.
 Diversity appears to increase continually in the absence of natural
selection.

4. EVOLUTION & HISTORY
#Apparent marine fossil diversity during the Phanerozoic#

5. EVOLUTIONARY
DIVERSIFICATION
 While records of life in the sea shows a logistic pattern of growth, life on
land shows an exponential rise in diversity.
 Changes through the Phanerozoic correlate much better with the hyperbolic
model than with exponential and logistic models.
 New species are regularly discovered (on average between 5–10,000 new
species each year, most of them insects) and many, though discovered, are
not yet classified (estimates are that nearly 90% of all arthropods are not
yet classified).
 Most of the terrestrial diversity is found in tropical forests and in general,
land has more species than the ocean; some 8.7 million species may exists
. on Earth, of which some 2.1 million live in the ocean.

6. TYPES BIODIVERSITY
 TAXONOMIC/SPECIES DIVERSITY (usually measured at the
species diversity level).
 ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY often viewed from the
perspective of ecosystem diversity.
 morphological diversity which stems from GENETIC
DIVERSITY.

7. SPECIES DIVERSITY
 The number of species of plants and animals that’s are present in a
region constitutes its species diversity.
 This diversity is seen both in nature ecosystem & in agriculture
ecosystem.
 For example monkeys, dragonflies, and meadow beauties etc. are all
different species.
 At present, conservation scientists have been able to identity &
categorize about 1.8 million species on earth.
 Area that are rich in species diversity are called ‘hotspots’ of
diversity; INDIA is among the world’s 15 nations that are exceptionally
rich in species diversity.

8. SPECIES DIVERSITY
 According to Mora and colleagues, the total number of terrestrial species is
estimated to be around 8.7 million while the number of oceanic species is much
lower, estimated at 2.2 million.
 220,000 vascular plants, estimated using the species-area relation method.
 0.7-1 million marine species.
 10–30 million insects; (of some 0.9 million we know today)
 5–10 million bacteria;
 1.5-3 million fungi, estimates based on data from the tropics, long-term non-
tropical sites, and molecular studies that have revealed cryptic speciation.
 Some 0.075 million species of fungi had been documented by 2001.
 1 million mites.

9. #Discovered and predicted total number of species on land and in the oceans#
www.wikipedia.com

10. GENETIC DIVERSITY
 Each member of any animal or plant species differ widely from other
individual in its genetics makeup, owing to the large number of
combinations possible in genes that give every individual specific its
characteristics.
 For example ,each human being is very different from all others.
 The diversity in wild species forms the ‘gene pool’.
 Today, the variety of more productive, disease-resistant crops & to
breed superior domestic animals .
 Modern biotechnology also manipulates genes to develop better types
of medicines and a variety of industrial products.

11. GENETIC DIVERSITY
 E.g.,Chihuahuas, Beagles, and Rottweilers are all the same species
 But they are not the same because there is variety in their genes.
Chihuahua Beagle
Rottweiler

12. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
 Ecosystem diversity can be described for specific geographical region
,or a political entity such as country ,a state or a taluka.
 An ecosystem is referred to ass ‘natural’ when it is relatively by human
activities or ‘modified’ when it is changed to other types of uses ,such
as farmland or urban areas.
 Life was probably initiated as a product of organics reactions in the
Earth’s primordial seas. Alternative possibilities such as life beginning in
muddy ooze, or of life having been seeded from outer space have also
been suggested.

13. ECOSYSTEM DIVERSITY
 Types of Ecosystem:
1. Forest ecosystem.
2. Grassland ecosystem.
3. Desert ecosystem.
4. Aquatic ecosystem.

14. VALUE OF BIODIVERSITY
 Consumptive use value
 Productive use value
 Social value
 Ethical & moral Values
 Aesthetic Value
 Option value

15. BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
 NEW FOOD SOURCES
 PLANTS AND ANIMALS

16. BENEFITS OF BIODIVERSITY
 MEDICINES

18. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 Habitat destruction.
 Introduced and invasive species.
 Genetic pollution.
 Overexploitation.
 Hybridization and food security.
 Climate change.
 Human overpopulation.

19. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 Habitat destruction:
 Introduced and invasive species:
 Habitat destruction has played a key role in extinctions ,especially related to
tropical forest destruction.
 Deforestation and increased road-building in the Amazon Rainforest are a
significant concern because of increased human encroachment upon wild
areas, increased resource extraction and further threats to biodiversity.
 Barriers such as large rivers, seas, oceans, mountains and deserts encourage
diversity by enabling independent evolution on either side of the barrier, via
the process of allopatric speciation.
 The exotic organisms may be predators, parasites, or may simply
outcompete indigenous species for nutrients, water and light.
Male Lophura nycthemera

20. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 Genetic pollution :
 Overexploitation:
 Genetic pollution leads to homogenization or replacement of local genomes
as a result of either a numerical and/or fitness advantage of an introduced
species.
 Hybridization and introgression are side-effects of introduction and invasion.
 The abundant species can interbreed with the rare species, swamping its
gene pool.
 Some degree of gene flow is normal adaptation, and not all gene and
genotype constellations can be preserved.
 Overexploitation occurs when a resource is consumed at an unsustainable rate.
 The overkill hypothesis, a pattern of large animal extinctions connected with
human migration patterns, can be used explain why mega faunal extinctions
can occur within a relatively short time period.

21. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 Hybridization and food security:
 Climate change:
 In agriculture and animal husbandry, the Green Revolution popularized the
use of conventional hybridization to increase yield.
 Local governments and industry have been pushing hybridization.
 Genetic erosion coupled with genetic pollution may be destroying unique
genotypes, thereby creating a hidden crisis which could result in a severe
threat to our food security.
 Global warming is also considered to be a major potential threat to global
biodiversity in the future.
 Increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide certainly affects plant morphology
and is acidifying oceans, and temperature affects species ranges,
phenology, and weather, but the major impacts that have been predicted
are still just potential impacts.

22. THREATS TO BIODIVERSITY
 Human overpopulation:
 More responsible threat among all other.
 From 1950 to 2011, world population increased from 2.5 billion to 7 billion
and is forecast to reach a plateau of more than 9 billion during the 21st
century.
 According to a 2014 study by the World Wildlife Fund, the global human
population already exceeds planet’s biocapacity - it would take the
equivalent of 1.5 Earths of biocapacity to meet our current demands.
 The report further points that if everyone on the planet had the Footprint
of the average resident of Qatar, we would need 4.8 Earths, and if we lived
the lifestyle of a typical resident of the USA, we would need 3.9 Earths.

23. www.wikipedia.com
#A schematic image illustrating
the relationship between
biodiversity, ecosystem services
, human well-being, and
poverty.

24. CONSERVATION : PROTECTION AND RESTORATION TECHNIQUES
 Biodiversity banking places a monetary value on biodiversity. One example is the
Australian Native Vegetation Management Framework.
 Gene banks are collections of specimens and genetic material. Some banks intend to
reintroduce banked species to the ecosystem (e.g., via tree nurseries).
 Reduction of and better targeting of pesticides allows more species to survive in
agricultural and urbanized areas.
 Location-specific approaches may be less useful for protecting migratory species. One
approach is to create wildlife corridors that correspond to the animals’ movements.
National and other boundaries can complicate corridor creation.
 Focusing on limited areas of higher potential biodiversity promises greater immediate
return on investment than spreading resources evenly or focusing on areas of little
diversity but greater interest in biodiversity.

25. LEGAL STATUS
 International level:
 United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity (1992)
and Cartagena Protocol on Biosafety;
 Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species (CITES);
 Ramsar Convention (Wetlands);
 Bonn Convention on Migratory Species;
 World Heritage Convention (indirectly by protecting
biodiversity habitats)
 Regional Conventions such as the Apia Convention
 Bilateral agreements such as the Japan-Australia
Migratory Bird Agreement.

26. LEGAL STATUS
 National level:
 The relationship between law and ecosystems is very ancient and has
consequences for biodiversity. It is related to private and public property
rights. It can define protection for threatened ecosystems, but also
some rights and duties (for example, fishing and hunting rights).
 Law regarding species is more recent. It defines species that must be
protected because they may be threatened by extinction. The U.S.
Endangered Species Act is an example of an attempt to address the “law
and species” issue.
 Laws regarding gene pools are only about a century old. Domestication
and plant breeding methods are not new, but advances in genetic
engineering have led to tighter laws covering distribution of genetically
modified organisms, gene patents and process patents. Governments
struggle to decide whether to focus on for example, genes, genomes, or
organisms and species.

27.  References:
http://www.wikipedia.com/
http://www.stopextinction.org/
http://www.audubon.org/campaign/esa/esa.html

28. THANK YOU