1. The Anatomy of the Lower Limb
Dr. Akram M. Asbeutah, Ph.D
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences
Kuwait University
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-1

2. OBJECTIVES
• The anatomy of the lower limb is discussed in relation to common
clinical conditions
• A general description of the bones, joints, and actions of muscles is
given. Emphasis is placed on the functions of the muscles, and only
the briefest coverage of their attachment is provided
• The basic anatomy of the vascular supply, lymphatic drainage, &
distribution of the nerves is reviewed
• Lower limb problems are the most common dealt with by the health
professionals, whether working in general practice, surgery, an
emergency department, physiotherapy, or radiology
• Common diseases affecting the lower limb such as arthritis, varicose
veins, vascular deficiencies, fractures, dislocations, lacerations, knee
effusions, leg pain, ankle injuries, and peripheral nerve injuries are
few of the conditions that you see as a physiotherapists or radiologists
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3. Organization of the Lower Limb
• It is divided into:
 The Gluteal region
 The thigh
 The knee
 The leg
 The ankle
 The foot
• The thigh and the leg have compartments with its
own muscles that perform group functions and its
own distinct nerve & blood supply
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4. The Pelvic Girdle & lower
Limb Bones
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5. Pelvic Girdle and Hip Bones
• Pelvic girdle = two hipbones united at pubic symphysis
– articulate posteriorly with sacrum at sacroiliac joints
• Each hip bone = ilium, pubis, and ischium
– fuse after birth at acetabulum
• Bony pelvis = 2 hip bones, sacrum and coccyx
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-5

6. Bones of the Gluteal Region
• Ilium
 Iliac crest
 Anterior superior & inferior iliac spines
 Posterior superior & inferior iliac spines
 Greater sciatic notch
• Ischium
 Body
 Ramus
 Ischial spine
 Ischial tuberosity
 Greater & lesser sciatic notches/foramina
• Pubis
 Body
 Superior & inferior rami
 Symphysis pubis
 Obturator foramen/membrane
 Pubic crest/tubercle
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7. Ilium
• Iliac crest and iliac spines for muscle attachment
• Iliac fossa for muscle attachment
• Gluteal lines indicating muscle attachment
• Sacroiliac joint at auricular surface & iliac tuberosity
• Greater sciatic notch for sciatic nerve
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-7

8. Ischium and Pubis
• Ischium
– ischial spine & tuberosity
– lesser sciatic notch
– Ramus
• Pubis
– body
– superior & inferior ramus
– pubic symphysis is pad of
fibrocartilage between 2
pubic bones
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-8

9. Female and Male Skeletons
• Male skeleton
– larger and heavier
– larger articular surfaces
– larger muscle
attachments
• Female pelvis
– wider & shallower
– larger pelvic inlet &
outlet
– more space in true
pelvis
– pubic arch >90 degrees
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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10. Female Male
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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11. Ligaments of the Pelvic Girdle
Region
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12. Sacrotuberous Ligament
• It connects the back of
the sacrum to the ischial
tubersoity
• It stabilize the sacrum
and prevent its rotation
at the sacroiliac joint by
the weight of the
vertebral column
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13. Sacrospinous Ligament
• It connects the back of
the sacrum to the
ischial spine
• It stabilize the sacrum
and prevent its
rotation at the
sacroiliac joint by the
weight of the vertebral
column
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14. Arteries of the Gluteal Region
• Splits into common
iliac
aa at 4th lumbar
vertebrae
– external iliac aa supply
lower extremity
– internal iliac aa supply
pelvic viscera
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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15. Arteries of the Gluteal Region
• Superior gluteal artery: a branch of the internal ilaic artery & enters the gluteal
region through the upper part of the greater sciatic foramen above the piriform m
• Inferior gluteal artery: a branch of the internal ilaic artery & enters the gluteal region
through the lower part of the greater sciatic foramen below the piriform m
• The trochanteric anastomosis: main blood supply to the femoral head. The nutrient
arteries pass along the femoral neck beneath the capsule. The arteries that take part in
anastomais are: Superior & inferior gluteal arteries and the medial & lateral
femoral cricumflex arteries
• The cruciate anastomosis: at the level of the lesser trochnater and together with the
trochanteric anastomosis provides a connection between the internal iliac & femoral
arteries. The arteries that take part in anastomosis are: the inferior gluteal, medial &
lateral femoral circumflex, and the first perforating artery which is a branch of the
profunda artery from the femoral artery
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16. Greater Sciatic Foramen
• It is formed by the greater sciatic notch
of the hip bone and the sacrotuberous &
sacrospinous ligaments
• It provides exit from the pelvis into the
gluteal region for the following
structures:
 Piriformis m
 Sciatic nerve
 Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
 Superior & inferior gluteal nerves
 Nerves to the obturator internus & qudratus
femoris
 Pudendal nerve
 Superior & inferior gluteal vessles
 Internal pudendal vessels
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17. Lesser Sciatic Foramen
• It is formed by the greater sciatic notch of
the hip bone and the sacrotuberous &
sacrospinous ligaments
• It provides an entrance into the perineum
from the gluteal region for the following
structures:
 Tendon of the obturator internus m
 Nerve to obturator internus m
 Pudendal nerve
 Internal pudendal vessels
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18. Lower Extremity
• Each lower limb = 30 bones
– femur and patella within the thigh
– tibia & fibula within the leg
– tarsal bones in the foot
– metatarsals within the forefoot
– phalanges in the toes
• Joints
– hip, knee, ankle
– proximal & distal tibiofibular
– Intertarsal
– tarsometatarsal
– Metatarsophalangeal
– Interphalangeal
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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19. Femur
• Femur (thighbone)
– longest & strongest bone in body
– head articulates with acetabulum
(attached by ligament of head of
femur)
– neck is common fracture site
– greater & lesser trochanters, linea
aspera, & gluteal tuberosity-- muscle
attachments
– medial & lateral condyles articulate
with tibia
– patellar surface anteriorly between
condyles
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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20. Femur
• Femur
 Head: fovea capitis
 Neck: 125° with shaft and less in females
 Greater & lesser trochanters: gluteal
tubersoisty below the greater trochanter
for gluteux maximus attachment
 Intertrochanteric line anteriorly and
intertrochanteric crst with quadrate
tubercle on it posteriorly
 Shaft; smooth anteriorly but has a ridge
posteriorly (linea aspera)
 Medial & lateral suprachondylar ridges
 Politeal surafce
 Medial & lateral femoral epicondyles
 Medial & lateral femoral condyles
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21. Bones of the Leg-Patella
• Trinagular sesamoid
• Largest sesamoid bone in the body
• Increases leverage of the qudriceps femoris tendon
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-21

22. Bones of the Leg -Tibia and Fibula
• Tibia
– medial & larger bone of leg
– weight-bearing bone
– lateral & medial condyles
– tibial tuberosity for patellar lig.
– proximal tibiofibular joint
– medial malleolus at ankle
• Fibula
– not part of knee joint
– muscle attachment only
– lateral malleolus at ankle Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-22

23. Bones of the Foot -Tarsus
• Proximal region of foot (contains 7 tarsal bones)
• Talus = ankle bone (articulates with tibia & fibula)
• Calcaneus - heel bone
• Cuboid, navicular & 3 cuneiforms
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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24. Bones of the Foot- Metatarsus and Phalanges
• Metatarsus
– midregion of the foot
– 5 metatarsals (1 is most medial)
– each with base, shaft and head
• Phalanges
– distal portion of the foot
– similar in number and arrangement to the hand
– big toe is hallux Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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25. Joints of the Lower Limb
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26. Hip Joint
• Articulation: it is between the hemispherical femoral
head & the cup-shaped acetabulum of the hip bone
(acetabular notch, acetabular labrum, transverse
acetabular ligament). The articular surface are
covered with hyaline cartilage
• Type: Synovial ball-and-socket
• Capsule: encloses the joint and medially is attached
to the labrum & laterally is attached to the
intertrochanteric line of the femur in front and to half
of the femoral neck posteriorly. Retinacula
accompanied by vessels to supply head & neck of the
femur
• Ligaments: iliofemoral, pubofemoral, ichiofemoral,
transverse acetabular, & ligament of the head of the
femur
• Synovial membrane: lines the capsule & is attached
to the margin of the aricular surfaces
• Nerve supply: femoral, obturator, & sciatic nerves,
& the nerve to the quadratus femoris
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27. Hip Joint
• Acetabular labrum
• Articular capsule
• Ligament of the head of the femur Dr. Akram Asbeutah
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28. Hip Joint
• Dense, strong capsule reinforced by ligaments
– iliofemoral ligament
– ischiofemoral ligament
– pubofemoral ligament
• One of strongest structures in the body
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-28

29. Hip Joint
• Movements:
 Flexion: iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, & adductors
 Extension: gluteus maximus & hamstring muscles
 Abduction: gluteus medius & minimus, assissted by the
sartorius, tensor fasciae latae, & piriformis
 Adduction: adductor longus & brevis & adductor part of the
adductor magnus. They are assisted by pectineus & the gracilis
 Lateral rotation: piriformis, obturator internus & externus,
superior & inferior gemelli, & quadratus femoris, assisted by the
gluteus maximus
 Medial rotation: anteror fibers of gluteus medius & minimus
and the tensor fasciae latae
 Circumduction: a combination of all the above movements
• N.B The extensor group and lateral rotators group are more
powerful than the flexor & medial rotators group of muscles.
• Important relations:
 Anterior: iliopsoas, pectineus, & rectus femoris muscles. The
iliopsoas & pectineus separate the femoral vessels & nerves
from the hip oint
 Posterior: the obturator internus, the gemelli, & the quadratus
femoris muscles separate the joint from the sciatic nerve
 Superior: piriformis & gluteus minimus
 Inferior:obturator externus tendon Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-29

30. Knee Joint
• It is the largest & most complicated
joint in the body
• It consists of two condylar joints
between the medial & lateral
condyles of the femur & the
corresponding condyles of the tibia
(tibial plateau), and a gliding joint,
between the patella and patellar
surface of the femur
• The fibula is not directly involved
in the joint
8-30

31. •
Knee Joint
Articulation: between femur, tibia and patella
• Type: hinge joint between tibia and femur; gliding joint
between patella and femur
• Capsule: it is mostly ligaments & tendons and is
attached to the margins of the articular surfaces &
surrounds the sides & posterior aspect of the joint. On
front is absent, permitting the synovial membrane to
pouch up beneath the quadriceps tendon, forming the
suprapatellar bursa. On each side of the patella, the
capsule is strengthened by expansions from the tendons
of vastus lateralis & medialis. Behind the joint the
capsule is strengthened by expansion of the
semimembranosus muscle called the oblique popliteal
ligament. Opening in the caspule behind the lateral tibial
condyle permits the popliteus tendon to emerge
• Ligaments:
 Extracapsular ligaments: ligamentum patellae,
lateral & medial collateral (attached to medial
meniscus) ligaments, & oblique popliteal ligament
 Intracapsular ligaments: the anterior & posterior
cruciate ligaments, medial (c-shape) & lateral
(circle) menisci (articular discs) 8-31

32. External Views of Knee Joint
• Extracapsular ligaments: ligamentum patellae, lateral & medial
collateral (attached to medial meniscus) ligaments, & oblique
popliteal ligament
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-32

33. Intracapsular Structures of Knee
• Medial meniscus
– C-shaped fibrocartilage
• Lateral meniscus
– nearly circular
• Posterior cruciate ligament
• Anterior cruciate ligament
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-33

34. Knee Joint
• Synovial membrane: it lines the capsule & is attached to the
margins of the articular surfaces. It forms the suprapatellar
bursa and held by position by small part of vastus intermedius
called (aricularis genus). Popliteal bursa deep to the popliteus
tendon at the back of the knee. A semimabranosus bursa
between the medial head of gastrocnemius & the medial femoral
condyle. Other bursae are prepatellar, superficial & deep
infrapatellar bursae
• Nerve supply: femoral, obturator, common peroneal, & tibial
nerves
• Movements:
 Flexion: biceps femoris, semitendenosus & semimembranosus,
assissted by sartorius, gracilis & popliteus. It is limited by the
contact of the back of the leg with the thigh
 Extension: qudriceps femoris. It is limited by tension of all the
major ligaments of the joint
 Medial rotation: sartorius, gracilis, & semitendenosus
 Lateral rotation: biceps femoris
• The tone of the muscles is the most important, and it is te job of the
physiotherapist to build up the strength of these muscles, especially
the qudriceps muscle, after injury to the knee joint
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-34

35. Knee Joint
• Important Relations:
 Anterior: prepatellar bursa
 Posterior: popliteal vessels, common peroneal & tibial nerves,
lymph nodes, muscles forming the popliteal fossa boundaries
 Medial; sartorius, gracilis, semitendinosus muscles
 Lateral: common peronral nerve & biceps femoris muscle
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-35

36. Proximal (Superior) TibioFibular Joint
• Articulation: lateral condyle of tibia & the
head of the fibula
• Type: synovial plane/gliding
• Capsule: surround the joint & is attached to
the margins of the articular surfaces
• Ligaments: anterior & posterior ligaments &
the interosseous membrane
• Synovial membrane: it lines the capsule &
is attached to the margins of the articular
surfaces
• Nerve supply: common peroneal nerve
• Movements: a small amount of gliding
movement takes place during movements at
the ankle joint
8-36

37. Distal (Inferior) TibioFibular Joint
• Articulation: between the fibular notch of
tibia & lower end of the fibula
• Type: Fibrous joint
• Capsule: No capsule
• Ligaments: anterior & posterior ligaments,
the interosseous ligament, & inferior
transverse ligament
• Nerve supply: Deep peroneal nerve & tibial
nerves
• Movements: a small amount of gliding
movement takes place during movements at
the ankle joint
8-37

38. Ankle Joint
• Articulation: Tibia & fibula with talus
• Type: Synovial hinge joint
• Capsule: surround the joint & is attached to
the margins of the articular surfaces
• Ligaments: medial (deltoid) ligament &
lateral ligament (weak) and consists of three
bands [anterior talofibular, calcaneofibular,
& posterior talofibular]
• Synovial membrane: it lines the capsule
• Nerve supply: deep peroneal & tibial nerves
8-38

39. Ankle Joint
• Movements:
•
 Plantarflexion (toes pointing up): it is
performed by tibialis anterior, extensor
digitorum longus extensor hallucis longus,
peroneus tertius. It is limited by the tension of
the Achill’s tendon, the posterior fibers of the
medial ligament, & calcaneofibular ligament
 Dorsiflexion (toes pointing downward): it is
performed by gastrocnemius, soleus, plantaris,
peroneus longus & brevis, tibialis posterior,
flexor digitorum longus, & flexor hallucis
longus. It is limited by the tension of the
opposing muscles, anterior talofibular
ligament, & the anterior fibers of the medial
ligament
• Inversion & eversion take place at the
tarsal joints & not at the ankle joint Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-39

40. Ankle Joint
• Important relations:
 Anterior: TA, EHL, AT vessels,
deep peroneal nerve, EDL, PT
 Posterior: Achill’s tendon &
plantaris
 Posterolateral: Peroni muscles
 Posteromedial: tibialis posterior,
flexor digitorum longus, posterior
tibial vessels, tibial nerve, &
flexor hallucis longus
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-40

41. Tarsal Joints
• Subtalar, talocalcaneonavicular & calcaneocuboid are synovial of
plane type joints. They perform inversion & eversion with
gliding & rotary movements
• Cuneonavicular (synovial-gliding) joint, cuboideonavicular
(fibrous) joint, intercuneiform & cuneocuboid (synovial-
plane) joints
8-41

42. Tarsometatarsal & Intermetatarsal Joints
• They are synovial joints of the plane type
• They are connected by dorsal, plantar, & interosseous ligaments
• The tarsometatarsal of the big toe has a separate joint cavity
8-42

43. Metatarsophalangeal & Interphalangeal Joints
• They are synovial condyloid type
• Adduction & abduction type of movement are possible but
minimal and take place from the midline of the second digit and
the third as in the hand
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44. The Front & Medial Aspects of the Thigh
8-44

45. Superficial Veins
• The Great saphenous vein & small saphenous veins and their tributaries
• They are of great clinical importance
• Perforating veins connect the superficial to deep veins
• The great saphenous vein drain into the common femoral vein in the
femoral traingle and receives three tributaries that are: the superficial
circumflex iliac vein, the superficial epigastric veins, & the superficial
external pudendal vein
• The small saphenous vein drian into the popliteal veins at the popliteal fossa
8-45

46. Superficial Inguinal Lymph Nodes
• Horizontal group: below & parallel to the
inguinal ligament. The medial members of the
group receives superficial lymph vessels from
the anterior abdominal wall below the level of
the umbilicus and from perineum, lymph vessels
from the urethra, the external genitalia of both
sexes but not the testes, and the lower half of
the anal canal are drained by this route. The
lateral members receives from the back from
below the iliac crest
• Vertical group: lies along the terminal end of
the great saphenous vein & receives lymph
vessels from the lower limb
• The superficial joins the deep inguinal nodes the
through the saphenous opening
8-46

47. Deep Inguinal Lymph Nodes
• It is located beneath the
deep fascia and along the
medial side of the
femoral vein
• They pass to the
abdomen through the
femoral canal along the
external iliac artery
8-47

48. Superficial Fascia of the Thigh
• The membraneous layer of the
superficial fascia of the anterior
abdominal wall extends into the thigh
and is attached to the deep fascia (fascia
lata) below the inguinal liagment
• The fatty layer of the superficial fascia
on the anterior abdominal wall extends
into the thigh and continues down over
the lower limb without interruption
8-48

49. Fascial Compartments of the Thigh
• Three fascial septa pass from the
inner aspect of the deep fascial
sheath of the thigh to the linea
aspera of the femur. By this means,
the thigh is divided into three
compartments:
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
• Each having muscles, nerves, &
vessels
8-49

50. •
Femoral Triangle
It is a triangular depressed area situated in the upper
part of the medial aspect of the thigh just below the
inguinal ligament
• Boundaries:
 Superior: inguinal ligament
 Lateral: sartorius m
 Medial: adductor longus m
• Floor: it is gutter and formed from lateral to medial by
the iliopsoas,the pectineus, and the adductor longs
• Roof: it is formed by the skin & fasciae of the thigh
• Contents:
 terminal part of the femoral nerve & its branches
 femoral sheath
 femoral artery & its branches
 femoral vein & its tributaries
 deep inguinal lymph nodes 8-50

51. Adductor (Subsartorial) Canal
• It is an intermuscular cleft situated on the medial aspect of the
middle third of the thigh beneath the sartorius muscle
• It commences above at the apex of the femoral triangle and
ends below at the opening in the adductor magnus
• In cross section it is triangular, having the following walls
 The anteromedial wall: it is formed by the sartorius
muscle & fascia
 The posterior wall: it is formed by adductor longus &
magnus
 The lateral wall: it is formed by the vastus medialis
• Contents:
 Terminal part of the femoral artery
 Femoral vein
 Deep lymph vessels
 Saphenous nerve
 Nerve to vastus medialis
 Terminal part of the the obturator nerve
8-51

52. Femoral Sheath
• It is a downward protrusion into the thigh of the fascial envelope lining the
abdominal walls. Its anterior wall is continuous with the fascia transversalis, &
its posterior wall with the fascia iliaca
• The sheath surrounds the femoral vessels & lymphatics for 1 inch below the
inguinal ligament. Te structures from lateral to medial is the femoral artery,
femoral vein, & lymphatic. They are separated by fibrous septa
• The most medial small part is the femoral canal, and its upper opening is the
femoral ring (antterior to ring is the inguinal ligament; posterior: superior pubic
ramus, laterally: femoral vein; & medially: lacunar ligament. It is potential for
femoral hernia. It lies very close to saphenous opening in the deep fascia of the
thigh
8-52

53. Arteries of the Lower Extremity
• External iliac artery become femoral artery when it
passes under the inguinal ligament & into the thigh
– femoral artery becomes popliteal artery behind the knee
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-53

54. Blood supply of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh-
Femoral Artery
• It enters the thigh behind the inguinal ligament as a
direct continuation of the external iliac artery
• It is the main artery of the lower limb. It descends
vertically toward the adductor tubercle of the femur
and ends by passing through the adductor canal to
become the popliteal artery in the popliteal fossa
• Relations
 Anterior: superficial in the upper part and in the lower
part of thigh it passes behind the sartorius m
 Posterior: it lies on the psoas (separated it from the hip
joint), pectineus, & adductor longus
 Medial: feomral vein in the upper part
 Lateral: femoral nerve & its branches
• Branches
 Superficial circumflex iliac a
 Superficial epigastric a
 Superficial external pudendal a
 Deep external pudendal a
 Profunda femoris a: medial & lateral femoral circumflex
arteries, gives three perforating arteries and ends by
becoming the fourth perforating artery
 Descending genicular a
8-54

55. Veins of the Lower Limb
• Drain blood from entire body & return it to right side of heart
• Deep veins parallel the arteries in the region
• Superficial veins are found just beneath the skin
• All venous blood drains to either superior or inferior vena cava or coronary
sinus
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-55

56. Femoral Vein
• It enters the thigh by passing through the adductor canal as a continuation of
the popliteal vein
• It lies first lateral to the femoral artery, then posterior, and finally on its medial
side
• It leaves the thigh through the intermediate compartment of the femoral sheath
beneath the inguinal ligament to become the external ilaic vein
• Tributaries: great saphenous veins and veins that correspond to the branches
of the femoral artery Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-56

57. Lymph Nodes of the Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
• The deep inguinal lymph nodes are variable
in numbers
• They are commonly three groups
• They lies on the medial side of the femoral
vein
• The receives the efferent vessels from the
superficial lymph nodes & lower limb
• They drain into the abdominal cavity
through the femoral canal to the external
iliac nodes
8-57

58. Medial Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
• Muscles: gracilis, adductor longus, adductor
brevis, adductor magnus, obturator externus
• Blood supply: profunda femoris artery &
obturator artery
• Nerve supply: obturator nerve
8-58

59. Blood Supply of the Medial Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
• Profunda femoris artery: it is a largest branch of the
femoral artery below the inguinal ligament. It arise from
the lateral side of the femoral artery and it descends in
the interval between the adductor longus & brevis and
then lies on the adductor magnus, where it ends as the
fourth perforating artery.
• Branches:
 Medial & lateral circumflex arteries
 Four perforating arteries
• Profunda femoris vein receives tributaries that
correspond to the branches of the artery. It drains into
the femoral vein
• Obturator artery: it is a branch of the internal iliac
artery. It passes forward on the lateral pelvic wall with
the obturator nerve and passes through the obturator
foramen. It divided into medial and lateral branches. It
gives off muscular & an articular branch to the hip joint
• The obturator vein receives tributaries that correspond
to the branches of the artery. It drains into the internal
iliac vein
8-59

60. The back of the Thigh
• Superficial veins: great & samll saphenous
veins
• Lymph vessels: it drains into the vertcial group
of the superficial inguinal lymph nodes
8-60

61. The Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
• Muscles: Biceps femoris, semitendinosus,
semimembranosus, & a samll part of the
adductor magnus (hamstring muscles)
• Blood Supply: branches of the profunda
femoris artery
• Nerve supply: Sciatic nerve
8-61

62. Blood Supply of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Thigh
• Profunda femoris artery
• Profunda femoris vein
8-62

63. Popliteal Fossa
• It is a diamond-shaped intermuscular space situated
at the back of the knee
• The fossa is most prominent when the knee joint is
flexed
• Contents
 Popliteal vessels
 Small saphenous vein
 Common peroneal & tibila nerves
 Posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh
 Genigular branch of the obturator nerve
 Connective tissue & lymph nodes
• Boundaries
 Lateral: biceps femoris, lateral head of gastocnemius
& plantaris
 Medial: semimembranosus & semitendinosus and
medial head of gastrocnemius
• Floor: femur, popliteus muscle & posterior
ligamnet of knee
• Roof: skin, superifical fascia, & deep fascia of the
thigh
8-63

64. Popliteal Artery
• It is deeply placed and enters the popliteal
fossa through the opening in the adductor
magnus (adductor canal), as a continuation of
the femoral artery
• It ends at the level of the lower border of the
popliteus muscle by dividing into anterior
and posterior tibial arteries
• Relations:
 Anterior: femur, knee joint, & popliteus muscle
 Posterior: popliteal vein & tibial nerve, fascia &
skin
• Branches:
• Muscular & articular branches to the knee
• Arterial anastomosis around the knee
8-64

65. Popliteal Vein
• It is formed by the junction of the venae comitantes
of the anterior & posterior tibial arteries at the lower
border of the popliteus muscle on the medial side of
the popliteal artery
• As it ascends through the fossa, it crosses behind
the popliteal artery so that it comes to lie on its
lateral side
• It passes through the adductor canal to become the
femoral vein
• It is medial to the femoral artery at the femoral
triangle
• The tributaries are the veins that correspond to
branches given off by the popliteal artery and the
small saphenous vein
8-65

66. Popliteal Lymph Nodes
• About six lymph nodes are
embedded in the fatty connective
tissue of the popliteal fossa
• They receive superficial lymph
vessels from the lateral side of the
foot & leg which accompany the
small saphenous vein into the
popliteal fossa
• They also receive lymph from the
knee joint and from deep lymph
vessels accompanying the anterior
& posterior tibial arteries
8-66

67. Fascial Compartments of the Leg
• Two intermuscular septa pass from
its deep aspect to be attached to the
fibula. These together with the
interosseous membrane, divide the
leg into three compartments
 Anterior
 Lateral
 Posterior
• Each having its own muscles, blood
supply, & nerve supply
8-67

68. Anterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg
• Superifical veins: it drains into the great saphenous
vein
• Lymph vessels: along the great (inguinal) & small
(popliteal) spahenous veins
8-68

69. Contents of the Anterior Fascial
Compartment of the Leg
• Muscles: the tibialis anterior, extensor
digitorum longus, extensor digitorum
brevis, peroneus tertius, & extensor hallucis
longus
• Blood supply: anterior tibial artery
• Nerve supply: deep peroneal nerve
8-69

70. Arteries of the Anterior Fascial
Compartment of the Leg
• It is the smaller terminal branch of the popliteal a
• It arises at the level of the lower border of the
popliteus m and passes forward into the anterior
compartment of the leg through an opening in the
upper part of the interosseous membrane
• It lies in front of the interosseous membrane
together with the deep peroneal nerve
• In it upper course is deep to muecles and its lower
part is superifical, it has the tendon of the extensor
hallucis longus on its medial side and the tendon
of the extensor digitorum longus and the deep
peronral nerve on its lateral side. Here it is called
dorsalis pedis artery
• Branches: muscular: anastomotic branches
• The venae comitantes of the ATA join those of the
PTA in the popliteal fossa to form the popliteal
vein
8-70

71. Contents of the Lateral Fascial
Compartment of the Leg
• Muscles: peroneus longus & brevis
• Blood supply: peroneal artery
• Nerve supply: superficial peroneal nerve
8-71

72. Artery of the Lateral Fascial
Compartment of the Leg
• It is a branch from the posterior tibial artery that pierces
the posterior fascial septum and supply the peroneal
muscles
8-72

73. Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg
• Cutenous nerves: The posterior cutaneous nerve of the thigh descends on the
back of the thigh and supplies the skin over the popliteal fossa and upper part of
the back of the leg; & lateral cutaneous nerve , a branch from the common
peroneal nerve supplies the skin in the upper posterolateral surafce of the leg.
Also from sural nerve (tibial & common peroneal), and saphenous (femoral N)
supplies the skin of posterior leg lateral & medial side
• Superifical veins: it drains intothe small saphenous vein
• Lymph vessels: along the great (inguinal) & small (popliteal) spahenous veins
8-73

74. Contents of the Posterior Fascial
Compartment of the Leg
• Muscles: Superficial group: gastrocnemius, plantaris,
& soleus; Deep group: tibialis posterior, flexor
digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, & popliteus
 The deep transverse fascia of the leg is a septum that divides
the muscle of the posterior compartment into superficial &
deep groups
• Blood supply: posterior tibila artery
• Nerve supply: tibial nerve
8-74

75. Artery of the Posterior Fascial Compartment of the Leg
• It is one of the popliteal aretry branches
• It lies deep to gastrocnemius & soleus muscles & the
deep transverse fascia of the leg
• It lies on the posterior surface of the tibialis posterior
muscle above & posterior surface of the tibia below
• It lies beneath the skin in its lower part after passing
beneath the flexor retinaculum and terminates by
dividing into medial & lateral plantar arteries
• Branches:
 Peroneal artery
 Muscular branches
 Nutrient artery to the tibia
 Anastomotic branches around the ankle joint
 Medial & lateral planatar arteries
• Venae comitantes of the posterior tibial artery join
that of the ATA to form the popliteal vein in the
popliteal fossa
8-75

76. Interosseous Membrane
• It binds the tibia & fibula together
• It provides attachment for neighboring muscles
8-76

77. Superior Extensor Retinaculum
• The retinacula are
thickenings of the deep
fascia that keep the long
tendons around the ankle
joint in position & act as
pulleys
• The superior extensor
retinaculum is attached to
the distal ends of the
anterior borders of the
fibula & tibia
8-77

78. Inferior Extensor Retinaculum
• It is a Y-shaped band located in front of the ankle joint
• Fibrous bands separate the tendons into compartments,
each of which is lined by a synovial sheath
8-78

79. Flexor Retinaculum
• It extends from the medial malleolus downward & backward to
be attached to the medial surface of the calcaneum
• It binds the tendons of the deep muscles of the back of the leg to
the back of the medial malleolus as they pass forward to enter the
sole of the foot
8-79

80. Superior Peroneal Retinaculum
• It connects the lateral malleolus to
the lateral surface of the calcaneum
• It binds the tendon of the peroneus
longus & brevis muscles to the
back of the lateral malleolus
• The tendonsare provided with a
common synovial sheath
8-80

81. Inferior Peroneal Retinaculum
• It binds the tendon of the
peroneus longus & brevis
muscles to the lateral side
of the calcaneum
• The tendons each posses
a synovial sheath
8-81

82. The Region of the Ankle
• Before learning the anatomy of the foot, it is essential that
you should have a sound knowledge of the arrangement of
the tendons, arteries, and nerves in the region of the ankle
joint
• You should identify the structures from medial to lateral
and vise versa
• You should examine your own ankle and identify as many
of the structures as possible
• From a clinical standpoint, the ankle is a common site for
injury
8-82

83. Anterior Aspect of the ankle
• Structures that pass anterior to the extensor
retinacula from medial to lateral
 Saphenous nerve & great saphenous vein (in front of
the medial malleolus)
 Superfical peroneal nerve (medial & lteral branches)
• Structures that pass beneath or through the
extensor retinacula from medial to lateral
 Tibilais anterior tendon
 Extensor hallucis longus tendon
 Anterior tibial artery with venae comitantes
 Deep peroneal nerve
 Extensor digitorum longus tendons
 Peroneus tertius
• Structures that pass in front of the medial
malleolus
 Saphenous nerve & great saphenous vein
8-83

84. Posterior Aspect of the ankle
• Structures that pass behind the lateral
malleolus superficial to the superior peroneal
retinaculum
 The sural nerve
 Small saphenous vein
• Structures that pass behind the lateral
malleolus beneath the superior peroneal
retinaculum
 Peroneus longus & brevis tendons with one
common synovial sheath and below the inferior
peroneal retinaculum they have separate sheaths
• Structures that lie directly behind the ankle
 The fat & the large tendo calcaneus (Achill’s
tendon)
8-84

85. The Foot
8-85

86. The Foot
• It supports the body weight & provides
leverage for walking & running
• It is unique in that it is constructed in the
form of arches, which enable it to adapt its
shape to uneven surfaces
• It serves as a resilient spring to absorb
shocks, such as jumping
8-86

87. The Sole of the Foot
• Skin
• It is thick & hairless
• It is bound down to the underlying deep fascia by
numerous fibrous bands
• The skin shows many flexure creases
• Sweat glands are presents in large numbers
• The sensory nerve supply to the skin is derived from
medial calcaneal branch, medial plantar nerve, &
lateral plantar nerve of the tibilal nerve
8-87

88. Deep Fascia of the Sole of the Foot
• The plantar aponeurosis is a
triangular thickening of the
deep fascia that protects the
underlying nerves, blood
vessels, & muscles
• Its apex is attached to the
medial & lateral tubercles of the
calcaneum
• The base of the aponeurosis
divides into five slips that pass
into the toes (plantar
fasciitis/calcaneal spur)
8-88

89. Fibrous Flexor Sheaths & Synovial
Flexor Sheaths
• Fibrous flexor sheaths: the inferior surface of
each toe, from the head of the metatarsal bone
to the base of the distal phalanx, is provided
with a strong fibrous sheath, which is attached
to the sides of the phalanges. The firbrous
sheath, together with the inferior surface of
the phalanges and interphalangeal joints,
forms a blind tunnel in which lie the flexor
tendons of the toe
• Synovial flexor sheaths: the tendons of the
flexor hallucis longus & flexor digitorum
longus are surrounded by synovial sheaths
8-89

90. Arteries of the Sole of the Foot
• Medial plantar artery: it is the smaller terminal branch of the PTA. It arises
beneath the flexor retinaculum and passes forward deep to the abductor hallucis
muscle. It ends by supplying the medial side of the big toe. It give soff muscular,
cutaneous , & aricular branches
• Lateral plantar artery: It is the larger terminal branch of PTA. It arises
beneath the flexor retinaculum & passes deep to the abductor hallucis & flexor
digitorum brevis. At the base of the 5 th metatarsal bone, it curves medially to
form the plantar arch and at the proximal end of the first intermetatarsal space
joins the dorsalis pedis artery. It gives muscular, cutenous, & articular branches.
The plantar arch gives off plantar digital arteries to the toes
• Medial & lateral planatr veins accompany the corresponding arteries, and they
unite behind the medial malleolus to form the PT venae comitantes
8-90

91. Arteries of the Lower Extremity
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-91

92. Dorsal Venous Arch of the Foot
• It lies in the subcutaneous tissue over the heads of the metatarsal
bones
• It receives digital veins, communicating veins from the sole of the
foot
• On the medial side drains into the great saphenous vei and on the
lateral side into the small saphenous vein
8-92

93. Artery of the Dorsum of the Foot
• It is a direct continuation of the ATA in front of the ankle joint
• It terminates by passing downward into the sole of the foot between the two
heads of the first interosseous muscle, where it joins the lateral plantar
artery and completes the plantar arch
• It is superifical in position and is crossed by the inferior extensor
retinaculum and the first tendon of the extensor digitorum brevis
• On its lateral side lie the terminal part of the deep peroneal nerve & the
extensor digitorum longus tendons. On its medial side lies the tendon of
extensor hallucis longus (you can its pulse here!!)
8-93

94. The Foot as a Weight-Bearer & lever
• It support the body weight & to
serve as a lever to propel the body
forward in walking & running
• It is pliable and can adapt itself to
uneven surfaces
• The long flexor muscles and the
small muscles of the foot can exert
their action on the bones of the
forepart of the foot and toes and
greatly assist the forward
propulsive action of the
gastrocnemius & soleus muscles
8-94

95. The Arches of the Foot
• Function
– distribute body weight over foot
– yield & spring back when weight is lifted
• Longitudinal arches along each side of foot (medial & lateral)
• Transverse arch across midfoot region
– navicular, cuneiforms & bases of metatarsals
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-95

96. The bones of the Arches
• Medial longitudinal arch: it
consists of the calcaneum, the
talus, the navicular, the three
cuneiform bones, & the first three
metatarsal bones
• Lateral longitudinal arch: it
consists of the calcaneum, the
cuboid, and the 4th & 5th metatarsal
bones
• Transverse arch: it consists of the
bases of the metatarsal bones and
the cuboid and the three cuneiform
bones
8-96

97. Surface Anatomy of the Lower Limb
8-97

98. The Gluteal Region & posterior aspect of the Thigh
• Gluteus maximus muscle
• Gluteus medius muscle
• Gluteal cleft
• Gluteal fold
• Ischeal tuberosity
• Greater trochanter
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-98

99. Surface Anatomy of the Anterior Thigh
• Surface features of the Thigh
– Sartorius muscle
– Quadriceps femoris muscle
– Adductor longus muscle
– Hamstring muscles
– Femoral triange
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-99

100. Surface Anatomy of the Knee
• Surface Anatomy of the Knee
– Patella
– Patellar ligament
– Medial condyle of femur
– Medial condyle of thigh
– Lateral condyle of femur
– Lateral condyle of thigh
– Popliteal fossa
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-100

101. Surface features of the Popliteal Fossa, Leg, Ankle & Foot
• Tibial tuberosity
• Tibialis anterior muscle
• Tibia
• Peroneus longus muscle
• Gastrocnemius muscle
• Soleus muscle
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-101

102. Surface Features of the Leg, Ankle & Foot
• Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon
• Lateral malleolus of fibula
• Medial malleolus of tibia
• Dorsal venous arch
• Tendons of extensor
digitorum longus muscle
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-102

103. Radiographic Appearances of the Lower Limb
8-103

104. AP Projection of the Pelvis
8-104

105. AP Projection of the Hip Joint
8-105

106. AP & Lateral Projections of the Knee
8-106

107. Axial projection of the Patella
8-107

108. Knee Arthrography
8-108

109. AP Projection of the Ankle
8-109

110. Lateral projection of the Ankle & Foot
8-110

111. Lateral projection of the Foot
8-111

112. MRI of the Knee
8-112

113. 8-113

114. 8-114

115. 8-115

116. 8-116

117. 8-117

118. 8-118

119. Clinical Notes of the Lower Limb
8-119

120. Hip Joint disorders
8-120

121. Fractures of the Femur
8-121

122. Total Hip Replacement
Dr. Akram Asbeutah
8-122

123. Medial Meniscus Tears of the Knee Joint
8-123