Henrik Lund's presentation for CoEnercat in Barcelona February 12th 2019

1. 100% Renewable Energy
Solutions
The Danish Policies and Experience
Henrik Lund
Professor in Energy Planning
Aalborg Universitet
The 16th
International Symposium on
District Heating and Cooling
9-12 September 2018 in Hamburg, Germany

2. Aalborg University, Denmark
Jutland/Denmark:
• > 40% wind power (local owners)
• High share of the world’s offshore power
• 30% Distributed Generation
• 50% of electricity supplied by CHP
• >50% District Heating
• 10% of Natural Gas produced from Biogas

3. Renewable Energy Systems
A Smart Energy Systems Approach to the
Choice and Modeling of 100% Renewable Solutions
1. Edition in 2010
2. Edition in 2014
New Chapter on
Smart Energy
Systems and
Infrastructures

4. The long-term Objective of
Danish Energy Policy
Expressed by former Prime
Minister Anders Fogh
Rasmussen in his opening
speech to the Parliament in
2006 and in several political
agreements since then:
To convert to 100%
Renewable Energy
Prime minister 16 November 2008:
”We will free Denmark totally
from fossil fuels like oil, coal and
gas”
Prime minister 16 November 2008:
”… position Denmark in the heart
of green growth”

5. 100% Renewable Energy 2050
…… but how…???!!

6. Energi System Analyse Model
www.EnergyPLAN.eu

8. Smart Energy Systems

9. Smart Energy Systems:
Hourly modelling of all smart
grids to identify synergies!
… and influence of different
types of energy storage..!

10. Smart Energy Systems
www.energyplan.eu/smartenergysystems/

11. Energy Storage
Pump Hydro Storage
175 €/kWh
(Source: Electricity Energy Storage
Technology Options: A White Paper
Primer on Applications, Costs, and
Benefits. Electric Power Research
Institute, 2010)
Natural Gas Underground Storage
0.05 €/kWh
(Source: Current State Of and Issues
Concerning Underground Natural Gas
Storage. Federal Energy Regulatory
Commission, 2004)
Oil Tank
0.02 €/kWh
(Source: Dahl KH, Oil
tanking Copenhagen A/S,
2013: Oil Storage Tank.
2013)
Thermal Storage
1-4 €/kWh
(Source: Danish Technology
Catalogue, 2012)

12. www.journals.aau.dk/index.php/sepm

13. IDA Energiplan 2030

14. 100% Renewable Energy in
2050
Primær energiforsyning 100% VE i år 2050, PJ
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1,000
Ref 2030 IDA 2030 IDA 2050 Bio IDA 2050 Vind IDA 2050
Eksport
VE-el
Solvarme
Biomasse
Naturgas
Olie
Kul
Biomass potentials and consumtion in IDA 2030, PJ
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
DEA potential IDA 2030 Max potential
Waste
Energy crops
Slurry fibre fraction
Slurry biogas
Wood
Straw

15. CEESA Project 2011/2012

16. CEESA Project 2011/2012
Transport:
Electric vehicles is best from an energy
efficient point of view. But gas and/or
liquid fuels is needed to transform to 100%.
Biomass:
.. is a limited resource and can not satisfy
all the transportation needs.
Consequence
… Electricity from Wind (and similar
resources) needs to be converted to gas and
liquied fuels in the long-term perspective…

17. Electricity
(111 PJ)
Conversion Process││ │ │Transport Fuel
Electric Grid1
Electricity
(100 PJ)
│Transport Demand
294 Gpkm
323 Gtkm
OR
Resource
Resource
Electricity
(111 PJ)
Conversion Process││ │ │
Electricity
(100 PJ)
│ Transport Demand
313 Gpkm
Freight is not
applicable
Transport Fuel
ORElectric Grid1
Electrolyser1
Biomass
[Cellulose]
(65 PJ)
Electricity
(83.5 PJ)
Methane
(100 PJ2
)
H2
(60.5 PJ)
Steam
Gasifier
Chemical
Synthesis
Hydrogenation
1.9 Mt
Syngas
Resource Conversion Process││ │ ││ Transport Demand
61 Gpkm
36 Gtkm
Transport Fuel
OR
H2
O
(2.6 Mt)
4.5Mt
Marginal Heat
3
(7.6 PJ)
Power Plant
6 PJ
3
0.6 PJ
83 PJ
59 PJ
Electrolyser1
Biomass
[Glucose]
(60 PJ)
Electricity
(83 PJ)
Methane
(100 PJ2
)
H2
(60.5 PJ)
Anaerobic
Digester
Chemical
Synthesis
CO2
Hydrogenation
4.5 Mt
Resource Conversion Process││ │ ││ Transport Demand
61 Gpkm
36 Gtkm
Transport Fuel
OR
H2
O
(2.3 Mt)
Biogas
(50 GJ)
2.3 Mt
OR
Biomass1
(77 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(100 PJ5
)
Electricity
(178 PJ)
CO2
(7 Mt)
Co-electrolysis4
Carbon
Sequestration &
Recycling3Electricity2
(7.3 PJ)
Chemical
Synthesis
Syngas
(139 PJ)
H2
O
(5.7 Mt)
Resource Conversion Process││ │ ││ Transport Demand
or
50 Gtkm
83 Gpkm
Transport Fuel
Electricity
HeatPower Plant
Electrolyser6
Chemical
Synthesis
Fermenter
Hydrogenation
Chemical
Synthesis
Electricity
(307 PJ)
H2
(149.4 PJ)
Straw
(401.7 PJ)
H2
(72.2 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(62.6 PJ2
)
Ethanol
(100 PJ)
Methanol/DME
(337.5 PJ2
)
CO2
(4.4 Mt)
H2O
(15.5 Mt)
Hydrogenation
Low & High
Temperature
Gasification7
Resource Conversion Process││ │ │Transport Fuel
OR
Transport Demand │
52 Gpkm
67 Gpkm
31 Gtkm
39 Gtkm4
279 Gpkm
169 Gtkm
OR
OR
Lignin (197.7 PJ)
C5 Sugars (92.8 PJ)
Biomass
(40.2 PJ)
Power Plant
115
Mt
1 Mt
Marginal Heat1
(50.2 PJ)
303.6 PJ
3.4 PJ3
3.5 Mt

20. CEESA Project 2011/2012
Smart Energy Systems:
Integrated use of Power-To-Heat, Power-
To-Transport and Power-To-Gas/Liquid
fuel
RES integration:
Hourly balance of wind etc. by use of
thermal and gas/fuel storage. (Least-cost
solution)
No electricity storage
… except from batteries in cars…

21. Publication
Smart Energy Europe
www.EnergyPLAN.eu/SmartEnergyEuro
pe
Report Online
Paper Published

22. More information:
http://energy.plan.aau.dk/book.php
www.EnergyPLAN.eu
www.4DH.dk
www.energyplan.eu/smartenergysystems/
www.henriklund.eu
www.heatroadmap.eu
www.energyplan.eu/SmartEnergyEurope