Piezoelectricity electricity generation by vibration

MECHANICAL DEPARTMENT 1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 INTRODUCTION
Vibration energy (mechanical energy) that is generated by vehicle movement on the road
converted into electric energy by piezoelectric effect. Piezoelectricity is the electric charge that
accumulates in certain solid material (notably crystal, certain ceramic and biological matter
such as bone, DNA and various proteins) in response to applied mechanical stress. The aim of
this research work is to make power generation more sustainable, economical and ecological
by utilizing the advancement in the technology.
The increasing desire for completely self-powered electronics has caused the amount of
research into power harvesting devices to become progressively larger over the last decade.
With the advances being made in wireless technology and low power electronics, sensor are
being developed that can be placed almost anywhere. However, because these sensors are
wireless, they require their own power supply which in most cases is the conventional
electrochemical battery. Once these finite power supplies are extinguished of their power, the
sensor must be obtained and the battery replaced. The task of replacing the battery is tedious
and can become very expensive when the sensor is placed in a remote location. These issues
can be potentially alleviated through the use of power harvesting devices. The goal of a power
harvesting device is to capture the normally lost energy surrounding a system and convert it
into usable energy for the electrical device to consume. By utilizing these untapped energy
sources electronics that do not depend on finite power supplies, such as the battery, can be
developed. One source of typically lost energy is the ambient vibrations present around most
machines and biological systems. This source of energy is ideal for the use of piezoelectric
materials, which have the ability to convert mechanical strain energy into electrical energy and
vice versa. As compact, low power electronics become more prevalent in everyday use and as
their increasing portability requires reliable power sources, ambient energy harvesting devices
show much potential over batteries.
1.2 OBJECTIVE
This day most of the research in the energy field is to develop sources of energy for future. It
is time to find renewable sources of energy for the future. Piezoelectric materials are being
more and more studied as they turn out to be very unusual materials with very specific and
interesting properties. In fact, there materials have the ability to produce electrical energy from
mechanical energy for example they can convert mechanical behavior like vibrations in to
electricity. Such devices are commonly referred to as energy harvesters and can be used in
applications where outside power is unavailable and batteries are not a feasible option. While
recent experiments have shown that these materials could be used as power generators, the
amount of energy produced is still very low, hence the necessity to optimize them. Piezoelectric
materials have two properties that are define as direct and converse effect. Direct effect is the
property of some materials to develop electric change on their surface when mechanical stress
is exerted on them, while converse effect is the property of some materials to develop
mechanical stress when an electric charge is induced.

CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW

2. LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Konka, H. P. (2010)
Describes The smart joint can be designed to have the piezoelectric materials embedded in
them, the piezoelectric materials can detect the various loads that act on the composite joint
and could provide the required counter-balancing force to the excitation forces acting on the
joint; and thereby could reduce or even eliminate the effects of stress concentrations at the
composite joint. A high stress concentration is one of the principal causes of structural failures
for an adhesive bonded joint system.
2.2 Kumar, A. (2011)
Explains the usefulness of most high technology devices such as cell phones, computers, and
sensors is limited by the storage capacity of batteries. In the future, these limitations will
become more pronounced as the demand for wireless power outpaces battery development
which is already nearly optimized. Thus, new power generation techniques are required for the
next generation of wearable computers, wirelesssensors, and autonomous systems to be
feasible. Piezoelectric materials are excellent power generation devices because of their ability
to couple mechanical and electrical properties. For example, when an electric field is applied
to piezoelectric a strain is generated and the material is deformed. Consequently, when a
piezoelectric is strained it produces an electric field; therefore, piezoelectric materials can
convert ambient vibration into electrical power. Piezoelectric materials have long been used as
sensors and actuators; however their use as electrical generator is less established. A
piezoelectric power generator has great potential for some remote applications such as in vivo
sensors, embedded MEMS devices, and distributed networking. Developing piezoelectric
generators is challenging because of their poor source characteristics (high voltage, low
current, high impedance) and relatively low power output. This paper presents a theoretical
analysis to increase the piezoelectric power generation that is verified with experimental
results.
2.3 Henry A. et. al. 2004.
Describe the recent advances in wireless and microelectromechanical systems (MEMS)
technology, the demand for portable electronics and wireless sensors is growing rapidly.
Because these devices are portable, it becomes necessary that they carry their own power
supply. In most cases this power supply is the conventional battery; however, problems can
occur when using batteries because of their finite lifespan. For portable electronics, replacing
the battery is problematic because the electronics could die at any time.
2.4 Parkes, A. et. al. 2009.
Piezing A Garment Harvesting Energy from the Natural Motion of the Human Body.Piezing
is a garment which harnesses energy from the natural gestures of the human body in motion.
Around the joints of the elbows and hips, the garment is embedded with piezoelectric material
elements which generate an electric potential in response to applied mechanical stress.

2.4 S Adhikari, M I Friswelland D J Inman.
Energy harvesting for the purpose of powering low power electronic sensor systems has
received explosive attention in the last few years. Most works using deterministic approaches
focusing on using the piezoelectric effect to harvest ambient vibration energy have
concentrated on cantilever beams at resonance using harmonic excitation.
The harvesting of ambient vibration energy for use in powering low energy electronic devices
has formed the focus of much recent research. Of the published results that focus on the
piezoelectric effect as the transduction method, almost all have focused on harvesting using
cantilever beams and on single-frequency ambient energy, i.e. resonance-based energy
harvesting. The design of an energy harvesting device must be tailored to the ambient energy
available. In some applications the ambient excitation will be at a single frequency, and most
studies have designed resonant harvesting devices based on this. Such devices have to be tuned
to the excitation and may not be robust to variations in the excitation frequency. In many
applications the ambient energy is random and broadband and the design of the harvester must
account for this form of excitation.
Energy harvesting of ambient vibration has become important and new electronic devices are
being developed that require very low power. Completely wireless sensor systems are desirable
and this can only be accomplished by using batteries and/or harvested energy. Harvesting is
attractive because harvested energy can be used directly or used to recharge batteries or other
storage devices, which enhances battery life. Several authors have proposed methods to
optimize the parameters of the system to maximize the harvested energy. Most of the works
reported above consider that the (base) excitation has some known form. Typically harmonic
excitation is considered. However, it is easy to envisage situations where energy harvesting
devices are operating under unknown or random excitations. In such situations the ambient
vibration should be described using the theory of random processes and the analysis of
harvested power should be performed using the framework of probability theory.

CHAPTER 3
DISCRIPTION AND MATERIAL

3. DISCRIPTION
3.1 Metal Plate
Sheet metal is metal formed by an industrial process into thin, flat pieces. It is one of the
fundamental forms used in metalworking and it can be cut and bent into a variety of shapes.
Countless everyday objects are fabricated from sheet metal. Thicknesses can vary significantly;
extremely thin thicknesses are considered foil or leaf, and pieces thicker than 6 mm (0.25 in)
are considered plateSheet metal is available in flat pieces or coiled strips. The coils are formed
by running a continuous sheet of metal through a roll slitter.
The thickness of sheet metal is in the USA commonly specified by a traditional, non-linear
measure known as its gauge. The larger the gauge number, the thinner the metal. Commonly
used steel sheet metal ranges from 30 gauge to about 7 gauge. Gauge differs between
ferrous (iron based) metals and nonferrous metals such as aluminum or copper; copper
thickness, for example is measured in ounces, which represents the weight of copper contained
in an area of one square foot. In the rest of the world, the sheet metal thickness is given in
millimeters.There are many different metals that can be made into sheet metal, such
as aluminium, brass, copper, steel, tin, nickel and titanium. For decorative uses, important sheet
metals include silver, gold, and platinum (platinum sheet metal is also utilized as a catalyst.
Figure no-1 Metal Plate

3.2 Piezoelectric Transducer
Piezoelectricity is the ability of some materials (notably crystals, certain ceramics, and
biological matter such as bone, DNA and various proteins) to generate an electric field or
electric potential in response to applied mechanical strain. The effect is closely related to a
change of polarization density within the material's volume. If the material is not short-circuited,
the applied stress/strain induces a voltage across the material. However, if the circuit is closed
the energy will be quickly released. So in order to run an electric load (such as a light bulb) on
a piezoelectric device, the applied mechanical stress must oscillate back and forth. For example,
if you had such a device in your shoes you could charge your cell phone while walking but not
while standing.
Figure no-2 piezoelectric cells

3.3 Electric Motor
An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. The reverse of this is the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and is
done by an electric generator.
In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an
electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor. In
certain applications, such as in the transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors
can operate in both motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy
from mechanical energy.
Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools,
household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct
current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating
current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may
be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and
characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric
motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications
with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power
source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.
Electric motors are used to produce linear or rotary force (torque), and should be distinguished
from devices such as magnetic solenoids and loudspeakers that convert electricity into motion
but do not generate usable mechanical powers, which are respectively referred to as actuators
and transducers.
Figure no-3 electric motor

3.4 Helical Compression Springs
A spring is an elastic object used to store mechanical energy. Springs are usually made out
of spring steel. There are a large number of spring designs; in everyday usage the term often
refers to coil springs.When a spring is compressed or stretched from its resting position, it
exerts an opposing force approximately proportional to its change in length (this approximation
breaks down for larger deflections). The rate or spring constant of a spring is the change in
the force it exerts, divided by the change in deflection of the spring. That is, it is the gradient of
the force versus deflection curve. An extension or compression spring's rate is expressed in
units of force divided by distance, for example lbf/in or N/m. A torsion spring is a spring that
works by twisting; when it is twisted about its axis by an angle, it produces
a torque proportional to the angle. A torsion spring's rate is in units of torque divided by angle,
such as N·m/rad or ft·lbf/degree. The inverse of spring rate is compliance, that is: if a spring
has a rate of 10 N/mm, it has a compliance of 0.1 mm/N. The stiffness (or rate) of springs in
parallel is additive, as is the compliance of springs in series.
Springs are made from a variety of elastic materials, the most common being spring steel. Small
springs can be wound from pre-hardened stock, while larger ones are made from annealed steel
and hardened after fabrication. Some non-ferrous metals are also used including phosphor
bronze and titanium for parts requiring corrosion resistance and beryllium copper for springs
carrying electrical current (because of its low electrical resistance).
Figure no-4 Compression spring

3.4 Nut
A nut is a type of fastener with a threaded hole. Nuts are almost always used in conjunction
with a mating bolt to fasten multiple parts together. The two partners are kept together by a
combination of their threads' friction (with slight elastic deformation), a slight stretching of the
bolt, and compression of the parts to be held together.
In applications where vibration or rotation may work a nut loose, various locking mechanisms
may be employed: lock washers, jam nuts, specialist adhesive thread-locking fluid such
as Loctite, safety pins (split pins) or lockwire in conjunction with castellated nuts, nylon inserts
(nyloc nut), or slightly oval-shaped threads.
Square nuts, as well as bolt heads, were the first shape made and used to be the most common
largely because they were much easier to manufacture, especially by hand. While rare today
due to the reasons stated below for the preference of hexagonal nuts, they are occasionally used
in some situations when a maximum amount of torque and grip is needed for a given size: the
greater length of each side allows a spanner to be applied with a larger surface area and more
leverage at the nut.
Figure no-5. Nut
3.5 Bolt
A bolt is a form of threaded fastener with an external male thread. Bolts are thus closely related
to, and often confused with, screws.
Figure no-6.Bolt

3.6 Resistor
A resistor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that implements electrical
resistance as a circuit element. In electronic circuits, resistors are used to reduce current flow,
adjust signal levels, to divide voltages, bias active elements, and terminate transmission lines,
among other uses. High-power resistors that can dissipate many watts of electrical power as
heat may be used as part of motor controls, in power distribution systems, or as test loads
for generators. Fixed resistors have resistances that only change slightly with temperature, time
or operating voltage. Variable resistors can be used to adjust circuit elements (such as a volume
control or a lamp dimmer), or as sensing devices for heat, light, humidity, force, or chemical
activity.Resistors are common elements of electrical networks and electronic circuits and are
ubiquitous in electronic equipment. Practical resistors as discrete components can be composed
of various compounds and forms. Resistors are also implemented within integrated circuits.
The electrical function of a resistor is specified by its resistance: common commercial resistors
are manufactured over a range of more than nine orders of magnitude. The nominal value of
the resistance falls within the manufacturing tolerance, indicated on the component
Figure no-7. Resistor

3.7 Capacitor
A capacitor is a passive two-terminal electrical component that stores electrical energy in
an electric field. The effect of a capacitor is known as capacitance. While capacitance exists
between any two electrical conductors of a circuit in sufficiently close proximity, a capacitor
is specifically designed to provide and enhance this effect for a variety of practical applications
by consideration of size, shape, and positioning of closely spaced conductors, and the
intervening dielectric material. A capacitor was therefore historically first known as an
electric condenser.
The physical form and construction of practical capacitors vary widely and many capacitor
types are in common use. Most capacitors contain at least two electrical conductors often in
the form of metallic plates or surfaces separated by a dielectric medium. A conductor may be
a foil, thin film, sintered bead of metal, or an electrolyte. The nonconducting dielectric acts to
increase the capacitor's charge capacity. Materials commonly used as dielectrics
include glass, ceramic, plastic film, paper, mica, and oxide layers. Capacitors are widely used
as parts of electrical circuits in many common electrical devices. Unlike a resistor, an ideal
capacitor does not dissipate energy.
Figure no-8. Capacitor

3.8 Voltage Regulator
A voltage regulator is designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage
regulator may be a simple "feed-forward" design or may include negative feedback control
loops. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or electronic components. Depending on
the design, it may be used to regulate one or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies where they
stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage regulators control
the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system, voltage regulators may be
installed at a substation or along distribution lines so that all customers receive steady voltage
independent of how much power is drawn from the line.
Figure no-9.Voltage regulator

3.9 Zero Pcb Board
A printed circuit board (PCB) mechanically supports and electrically connects electronic
components using conductive tracks, pads and other features etched from copper
sheets laminated onto a non-conductive substrate. Components (e.g. capacitors, resistors or
active devices) are generally soldered on the PCB. Advanced PCBs may contain components
embedded in the substrate.PCBs can be single sided (one copper layer), double sided (two
copper layers) or multi-layer (outer and inner layers). Conductors on different layers are
connected with vias. Multi-layer PCBs allow for much higher component density.
Printed circuit boards are used in all but the simplest electronic products. Alternatives to PCBs
include wire wrap and point-to-point construction. PCBs require the additional design effort to
lay out the circuit, but manufacturing and assembly can be automated. Manufacturing circuits
with PCBs is cheaper and faster than with other wiring methods as components are mounted
and wired with one single part.
Figure no-10. PCB board
3.9 led
A light-emitting diode (LED) is a two-lead semiconductor light source. It is a p–n
junction diode, which emits light when activated.When a suitable voltage is applied to the
leads, electrons are able to recombine with electron holes within the device, releasing energy
in the form of photons. This effect is called electroluminescence, and the color of the light
(corresponding to the energy of the photon) is determined by the energy band gap of the
semiconductor. LEDs are typically small (less than 1 mm2
) and integrated optical components
may be used to shape the radiation pattern.
Figure no-11 LED indicator

CHAPTER 4
MATHEDOLOGY

MATHEDOLOGY
4.1 Piezoelectric Effect
Any spatially separated charge will result in an electric field, and therefore an electric potential.
Shown here is a standard dielectric in a capacitor. In a piezoelectric device, mechanical stress,
instead of an externally applied voltage, causes the charge separation in the individual atoms
of the material.Of the thirty-two crystal classes, twenty-one are non-Centro symmetric (not
having a centre of symmetry), and of these, twenty exhibit direct piezoelectricity. Ten of these
represent the polar crystal classes, which show a spontaneous polarization without mechanical
stress due to a non-vanishing electric dipole moment associated with their unit cell, and which
exhibit pyroelectricity. If the dipole moment can be reversed by the application of an electric
field, the material is said to be ferroelectric.
Figure no-12. Piezoelectric Effect
The piezoelectric effect occurs when the charge balance within the crystal lattice of a material
is disturbed. When there is no applied stress on the material, the positive and negative charges
are evenly distributed so there is no potential difference. When the lattice is changed slightly,
the charge imbalance creates a potential difference, often as high as several thousand volts.
However, the current is extremely small and only causes a small electric shock. The converse
piezoelectric effect occurs when the electrostatic field created by an electrical current cause the
atoms in the material to move slightly.
Figure no-13. Footstep energy Harvesting

4.2 MECHANISM
The nature of the piezoelectric effect is closely related to the occurrence of electric dipole
moments in solids. The latter may either be induced for ions on crystal lattice sites with
asymmetric charge surroundings (as in BaTiO3 and PZTs) or may directly be carried by
molecular groups (as in cane sugar). The dipole density or polarization (dimensionality
[Cm/m3
]) may easily be calculated for crystals by summing up the dipole moments per volume
of the crystallographic unit cell. As every dipole is a vector, the dipole density P is also a vector
or a directed quantity. Dipoles near each other tend to be aligned in regions called Weiss
domains. The domains are usually randomly oriented, but can be aligned during poling (not the
same as magnetic poling), a process by which a strong electric field is applied across the
material, usually at elevated temperatures.
Of decisive importance for the piezoelectric effect is the change of polarization P when
applying a mechanical stress. This might either be caused by a re-configuration of the dipole-
inducing surrounding or by re-orientation of molecular dipole moments under the influence of
the external stress. Piezoelectricity may then manifest in a variation of the polarization strength,
its direction or both, with the details depending on
1. The orientation of P within the crystal
2. Crystal symmetry
3. The applied mechanical stress.

CHAPTER 5
WORKING

WORKING
5.1 How Piezoelectric Work
Though piezoelectric material has the property of converting mechanical energy into electrical
energy but developing piezoelectric generators is challenging because of their poor source
characteristics (high voltage, low current, high impedance) and relatively low power output. In
the past these challenges have limited the development and application of piezoelectric
generators. The main limitation of our project is we could not amplify the current or power
from source to charge our battery faster with less steps.
Figure no-14. Block diagram within piezoelectric transducer
As we discussed before that when force is exerted on the parellel plate or vibration on it the
piezoelectric sensors generates the charges and to store the charge we have used the capacitance
and max.output by piezoelectric sensor is 1.5 volt and are connected in parellel when the
unbalanced motors revolved this creates the vibrations and this vibrations helps in generating
volts and this energy stores into a capacitance as we know and the charges induced in the pcb
there is male and female connector which is connected to each other.
Figure no-15 Our working project model

CHAPTER 6
COST ESTIMATION

COST ESTIMATION TABLE
S.NO. ITEMS COST NO.OF
ITEMS
TOTAL
1. Voltage regulator (7805) 10rs 1 10
2. Voltage capacitor
(25volt)
10rs 1 10
3. LED (5MM) 9rs 2 18
4. Male and female
connector
25rs 1 25
5. Piezoelectric transducer 120rs 14 1680
6. Electric motor of 1000
r.p.m.
150rs 2 300
7. Nut and bolt 5rs 8 40
8. Springs 5rs 4 20
9. Adapter charger 250rs 1 250
TOTAL 2500 APRX
TABLE NO.1 (COST ESTIMATION)

CHAPTER 7
CALCULATIONS AND RESULT

CALCULATIONS AND RESULT
Elements used = 14
(All are connected in parellel)
Maximum output by one sensor is 1.5 volt
Minimum output by one sensor is 0.5 volt
Two vibration motors having 1000 r.p.m.
7805 is voltage regulator
(where 78 is series of regulator and 05 is volt)
25 volt capacitor to store the energy.
LED is 5 mmwith 2 voltage for indication
Male and female connectors and Zero pcb.
Acc. To ohms law—
V = IR
Where I = current
R= Resistance
We have to find R
V = 2
I = 8 mili amp
Then,
R = 270 ohn
NOTE-
In our project the generation of electricity by piezoelectric transducer or vibration is 8 to 10
volt.It can be more if the pressure and force are more.

CHAPTER 8
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES

8. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
8.1 Advantages
1. This is a green solution for power generation.
2. The centralization of power is minimized.
3. Even the most untouched and remote areas can be electrified.
4. Dependence of thermal electricity is minimized which in turn save the nature.
5. Reduces environmental pollution.
6. Saves more money as compare to other thermal sources.
8.2 Disadvantages
1. Maintenance of these is a bit difficult .
2. Constant inspection are to be made.
3. Can pick up stray voltages in connecting wires.
4. Crystal is prone to crack if overstressed.

CHAPTER 09
APPLICATIONS

09. APPLICATIONS
1. Power generating side walk.
2. Gyms and work places.
3. Power generating shoes.
4. Smart highways.

CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION

10. CONCLUSION
1. Piezoelectricity is a revolutionary source for “ GREEN ENERGY”
2. Convert the ambient vibration energy surrounding them into the “ELECTRICAL
ENERGY”
3. This is an excellent alternative to reach the “ INCRISING DEMAND OF
ELECTRICITY”
4. This technology is tested in “CALIFORNIA” and “ISRAEL” and approved
successfully.
5. We concluded that it should be implemented in “INDIA” also to accelerate the
development.

CHAPTER 11
REFERENCES

11. REFERENCES
1. Web.archive.org/web/piezoelectric design- notes.
2. www.Intrumentalstudy.com.
3. Www.engpaper.com
4. Www.researchgate.com
5. Www.omicsgroup.org
6. Iopscience.iop.org
7. Wwe.essay.ok.com
8. Advanced piezoelectric materials and technology book, publisher (woodhead
publishing).

Piezoelectricity electricity generation by vibration

Empfohlen

Empfohlen

Weitere ähnliche Inhalte

Was ist angesagt?

Was ist angesagt? (20)

Ähnlich wie Piezoelectricity electricity generation by vibration

Ähnlich wie Piezoelectricity electricity generation by vibration (20)

Kürzlich hochgeladen

Kürzlich hochgeladen (20)

Piezoelectricity electricity generation by vibration