Presentation for Bioinformation Course.

1. Bioinformation Engineering
Origin of Biosignals
Fajar Purnama 152-D8713
Computer Science and Electrical Engineering
Kumamoto University

2. What is Biosignal?
● It is any signal that
can be found in any
living being.
● Though today
modern
technologies
represent
biosignals in
sinusoid forms.

3. Where does it come from?
● It came from within our body > travels to
the skin > captured by an instrument >
perceived by us

4. Where does it origins?
● It origins from major
organs within our body
like brain, heart,
kidneys, liver, and
lungs.
● Today we can see
what’s wrong with the
body by observing the
biosignal.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wiki
pedia/commons/8/8e/2701_Wat
er_Content_in_the_Body-01.jpg

5. How deep the origin
● As deep as the substance that structured the major
organs = cells, the smallest unit in life.

6. How does cells produce biosignals?
● When the cells of living things are stimulated, sodium (Na+
) and potassium (K+
) ions move rapidly
through the cell membrane’s ion channel, creating difference in electric potential.
●
Sodium is usually found outside in form of
salt NaCl while Potassium is usually found
inside the cell.
● Electricity itself is
defined as the flow of
electric charge.
https://media.giphy.com/media/
11rQETQPpbTiJW/source.gif

7. Contents of Cell Membrane
● Before discussing about bioelectricity, let’s look at the
cell membrane. The cell membrane consists if lipid
bilayer and proteins. There are many kind of channels
for the bellow illustration.
https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Scheme_facilitated_diffusion_in_cell_
membrane-en.svg/2000px-Scheme_facilitated_diffusion_in_cell_membrane-en.svg.png

8. Passive Channel
● It is a passive way where ions flows
from higher concentration to lower
concentration.
https://media.giphy.com/med
ia/2gscv6A65oHqU/giphy.gif

9. Active Channel
●
The active channel also called the transport channel activates when the concentration reaches equilibrium.
●
It functions to create difference in concentration again in order for the flow in the previous slide to flow again.
potassium (K+
) is returned to the cell and sodium (Na+
) is released.
https://media.giphy.com/medi
a/suHCaPseJhib6/giphy.gif

10. Enzymes
● Not to forget that attraction between positive and negative
charge contributes to the flow i.e. potassium (K+
) attracted to
chloride (Cl-
). Enzymes helps or accelerates the bonding.

11. Resting and Action Potential
● The resting potential is a state where the
flow of ion in and out of the cell is stable
(looping from slide 8 - 10).
● While action potential is a state where the
cell is excited, enabling more ions flow,
thus generating more bioelectricity or
biosignal.

12. Cell Stimulation
● The cell can be stimulated artificially or
naturally from the brain > neuron > cells.
This will turn into action potential.

13. Bioelectricity or Biosignal
https://upload
.wikimedia.or
g/wikipedia/co
mmons/2/2f/A
ction_potentia
l_propagation
_animation.gif

14. Gated Channel
●
The channels responsible for action potential is voltage gated channel and
transmitter gated channel. Think of them as transistors.
● Voltage gated channel activates when an applied voltage around certain level
and transmitter gated channel activates when substances locks onto a channel.

15. Circuit Equivalent Model
● With enough understanding the
phenomena can be modeled