2. Research and Development
Outline
Introduction
Grape and Wine Phenolics
Measuring Phenolics
Adams-Harbertson Assays
Gage R&R Analysis
Creating a Standardized SOP
The UV-Vis Predictive Model
Chemometrics — Model Calibration and Deployment
Comparison to Skogerson-Downey-Boulton
Using the Model
Summary
3. Research and Development
Chemists interested in polyphenols, in common with
the majority of scientists, tackle today’s problems
with yesterday’s tools, i.e., current problems are
attacked with methods which are inadequate and
to that extent are already out of date.
The discovery and quick application of new methods
or developments and extensions of existing
methods is therefore of first importance.
B.R.Brown, In Methods of Polyphenol Chemistry, 1964
5. Research and Development
Introduction
Why measure phenolics?
Identify higher quality lots more
easily
Use phenolic data for:
Press decisions
Heavy press additions
Blend balancing
Evaluation of processing
6. Research and Development
Grape and Wine Phenolics
Phenolic compounds of interest to the
winemaker:
Phenolic acids
Flavonoids
Anthocyanins
Tannins
Polymeric Pigment
J.A. Kennedy, Grape and wine phenolics: Observations and recent findings,
Ciencia e Investigación Agraria 35:77-90, 2008
13. Research and Development
Measuring Phenolics
Total Phenolics
A280
Folin-Ciocalteu
Tannins
Acid Butanolysis
Aldehyde
Pigments
Nota bene: unless you are chromatographically separating discrete
compounds all measures of phenolics are methodologically defined
14. Research and Development
Total Phenolics
Absorbance at 280 nm
Pro’s: Simple; just requires UV-transparent
cuvette and a UV-capable
spectrophotometer (express as A280 in AU)
Con’s: Subject to interferences from other
aromatic ring containing compounds (e.g.,
nucleotides, aromatic amino acids)
Nota bene. . .these are relatively small effects
15. Research and Development
Total Phenolics
Folin-Ciocalteu
Pro’s: Measures all mono- and
dihydroxylated phenolics; automatable
Con’s: Subject to interferences from
fructose and SO2; spent reagent has to be
disposed of as hazardous waste
16. Research and Development
Tannins
Acid Butanolysis
Pro’s: Specific for tannins; anthocyanidin
color measured with spectrophotometer
(relative abundance)
Con’s: Low reaction yields; highly
dependent upon reaction conditions and
the tannin structure
17. Research and Development
Tannins
Aldehydes (Vanillin, DMCA*)
Pro’s: Measures flavan-3-ols and polymers
(m-dihydroxy’s); color measured with
spectrophotometer
Con’s: Rate and extent of color
development solvent dependent; vanillin
adduct absorbs at 500 nm (problematic for
red wines)
*dimethylaminocinnamaldehyde
18. Research and Development
Pigments
Any number of spectrophotometric
assays for pigments are available
These procedures have been
extensively researched by Chris
Somers in Australia (e.g., The Wine
Spectrum, Winetitles: Marleston, SA, 1998)
e.g., A520, A420 and all their permutations
19. Research and Development
Adams-Harbertson Assays
Functional assays providing quantitative
information on various phenolic classes
Total iron-reactive phenols
Analogous to Folin-Ciocalteu
Caveat: doesn’t measure monohydroxylated phenols
or anthocyanins
Protein (BSA) precipitable tannins
Tetrameric tannins and larger
Polymeric pigments
Non-SO2 bleachable pigmented fractions
Non-protein precipitable: small polymeric pigment
Protein precipitable: large polymeric pigment
Free Anthocyanins
20. Research and Development
Adams-Harbertson Assays
Benefits
Can run the analyses in-house IF you have a
Visible spectrophotometer, a microcentrifuge, a
vortexer and the necessary micropipettes
The IRP is a measure of total phenolics (minus
anthocyanins) and doesn’t generate hazardous
waste
The protein-precipitable tannin is highly
correlated to perceptual astringency
21. Research and Development
Tannin vs. Astringency
Kennedy et al., Analysis of Tannins in Red Wine Using Multiple Methods:
Correlation with Perceived Astringency, AJEV 57:481-485, 2006
22. Research and Development
Sets of up to 24 samples
4/5 segments, 9 sets of readings, ~ 3 hours
5 results: anthocyanins, tannins, IRP, SPP, LPP
Running the A-H Assay
23. Research and Development
Gage R & R
OBJECTIVE: Quantify Measurement Error in
Measurement Systems
Integral Part of SIX SIGMA Methodology
Quality Systems… Zero Defects… ISO Standards…
Goal: less than 3.4 defects in a million opportunities
Early adapters: Motorola & Allied Signal (early 90’s)
General Electric Co. – most successful implementer
Two components
Standard Deviation of Measured Values
Assessment of Source of Variability
Contributors to Measurement Variation
Repeatability – Single Operator, Same Equipment
Reproducibility – Operators, Protocol, Equipment,…
24. Research and Development
Gage R & R
Study Conducted in April-June 2008
Design of Experiments - DOE
3 wineries, 5 wines, 4 technicians, 4 repetitions
full-factorial, randomized – 80 test results
Resulting Standard Deviations
(free-) Anthocyanins 3.02%
SPP 2.01%
LPP 4.86%
Tannins 2.79%
IRP 3.78%
But… observed spikes of 7.6, 11.7,… 27.5%
ANOVA analysis needed – Used MINITAB
25. Research and Development
Gage R & R
Operator Contribution 3.3 %, # of Categories* 7
* Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG)
Measurement Systems Analysis (June 1998)
26. Research and Development
Gage R & R
Operator Contribution 34.4 %, # of Categories* 1
* Automotive Industry Action Group (AIAG)
Measurement Systems Analysis (June 1998)
27. Research and Development
Standard Procedure
The Assay Protocol – Essential KEY to Repeatability
& Reproducibility
Sources of Adams-Harbertson Assay Protocol
Technical literature and journals
UC Davis Department of Viticulture & Enology website
Trade publications
Individual laboratory adaptations
In practice… a multitude of ways of running the Assay
Consequently,
Large variations in reported results
And even declarations of intrinsic invalidity
Moreover,
A closer look at the assay reveals significant potential for
improving its repeatability and reducing time of execution
28. Research and Development
Standard Procedure
Road to the Adams-Harbertson Assay SOP
Initial documented procedure in place at Rubicon Estate
Set up with the assistance of Dr. Harbertson & Dr. Adams
Base documents from UC Davis Department of V & E website
Modifications introduced and validated over time
Salient results shared with Dr. Adams
Jointly with Dr. Thorngate determined need for SOP
Now working with the Gold Standard Group
Created draft for the “Modified A&H Assay SOP”
Currently being cast in ISO format
Review and finalization to follow
Gage R&R planned for mid-year 2010
Expected SOP release date – Fall 2010
Preliminary results indicate reduction in error “spikes”,
increased repeatability, and over 1/3 reduction in runtime
31. Research and Development
Calibration / ModelingCalibration / Modeling
Linear Curve-fitting
absorbance @ 520 nm
anthocyanins
*
*
*
*
*
*
A&H Assay Results – Predicted UV-Vis Spectrum
MODEL
32. Research and Development
UV-Vis Based A-H Assay
Multivariate Modeling - Chemometrics
Openly-available, widely-used technology
Commercial software packages can be purchased
Implemented (and in use) in other process industries
Applications: lab, virtual sensors, process optimization
Expected Impact
Implemented locally in the winery laboratory
Once in place, no phenolics wet chemistry analyses
Essentially no sample preparation
Assay time of one-to-two minutes per sample
Ideal for real-time vinification decisions
33. Research and Development
Development Methodology
UV-Vis Based A-H Assay
PC / Notebook
process analytical instrumentation
(at-line or in-line; UV/Vis, IR, …)
standardized measurements
SAMPLE
RESULTS
CALIBRATION
SAMPLES
(training and testing)
SPECTRA
MEASURED
VALUES
laboratory analytical instrumentation
(lab-based; HPLC, GC/MS, …)
model building & deployment
(multivariate; PCR, PLS, ANN,… )
MRSEC
34. Research and Development
Validation
UV-Vis Based A-H Assay
PC / Notebook
standardized measurements
SAMPLE
RESULTS
MEASURED
VALUES
model building & deployment
(multivariate; PCR, PLS, ANN,… )
SPECTRA
FIELD
VALIDATION
SAMPLES
TEST SAMPLES
process analytical instrumentation
(at-line or in-line; UV/Vis, IR, …)
laboratory analytical instrumentation
(lab-based; HPLC, GC/MS, …)
MRSEV
or
MRSEP
35. Research and Development
Deployment
UV-Vis Based A-H Assay
PC / Notebook
SAMPLE
RESULTS
model building & deployment
(multivariate; PCR, PLS, ANN,… )
SPECTRA
TEST SAMPLES
process analytical instrumentation
(at-line or in-line; UV/Vis, IR, …)
37. Research and Development
Model Comparisons
Data ranges of current data and Skogerson data
Current Skogerson et al. 2007
Min Max Min Max
Anthocyaninsa 0 1419 0 1096
IRPb 72.6 4979 19.8 2272
Tanninsb 0 2667 -8.1 798
a
mg/L malvidin-3-glucoside equivalents
b
mg/L catechin equivalents
Prediction statistics for the Skogerson et al. (2007) model using our data
RMSEP rpred
2
RPD CVpred
Anthocyaninsa
466 0.20 0.5 105.0
IRPb
909 0.38 0.8 63.3
Tanninsb
406 0.33 1.0 70.3
NOTE: Skogerson data was for Australian wines;
Current data was for domestic wines.
38. Research and Development
That being said. . .
Validation statistics for the prediction of phenolic components (n=248)
RMSEP rpred
2
RPD CVpred
Anthocyaninsa
149 0.53 1.4 33.0
IRPb
383 0.76 2.1 25.6
Tanninsb
203 0.78 2.1 33.8
a
mg/L malvidin-3-glucoside equivalents
b
mg/L catechin equivalents
There is ample room for improvement!
RMSEP: root mean square error of prediction
rpred
2
: coefficient of determination of the prediction
RPD: ratio of standard deviation to standard error of prediction
CVpred: coefficient of variation of the prediction
39. Research and Development
Summary
The Adams-Harbertson assays measure
functional classes of phenolic compounds in wine
The Adams-Harbertson assays are repeatable and
reproducible
The Adams-Harbertson assays SOP — a work in
progress
The Predictive Model shows great promise —
additional work is required
40. Research and Development
Acknowledgments
Dr. James Harbertson (Assoc. Prof.!) and his
laboratory
Dr. Douglas Adams
Gold Standard
Jordan Ferrier
Dr. Roger Boulton, Dr. Mark Downey &
Kirsten Skogerson
Tondi Bolkan, Evan Schiff, Karen
Moneymaker