Project

1. Project Title:
Name of the Guide:
Acharya Institute of Technology
Department of Mechanical Engineering
Project Synopsis Presentation – 2021 -2022
Name of the Student USN
Group Number
Designation:
MECHANICAL CHARACTERIZATION OF HYBRID COMPOSITE WITH NATURAL FILLER
Dr. NAGARAJA K C
10-05-2024 | 1
DILEEP G H 1AY21ME402
JEFNI SUMEL 1AY21ME408
SANJITH B 1AY21ME417
SUJITH FERNANDES 1AY21ME422
Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
5
Assistant Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering
2023-2024

2. ABSTRACT
• In the contemporary world, natural fibers reinforced polymer composite (NFRPC) materials are of great interest owing to their eco-
friendly nature, lightweight, life-cycle superiority, biodegradability, low cost, noble mechanical properties.
• The researchers are facing numerous challenges regarding the developments and applications of NFPRCs due to the inherent
characteristics of natural fibers (NFs).
• These challenges include quality of the fiber, thermal stability, water absorption capacity, and incompatibility with the polymer matrices.
• Interfacial bonding between the fiber and matrix plays a vital role in deciding the mechanical characteristics of composites.
• The current aerospace and automotive industries are looking to change the conventional materials which are high density material to
composite material for reducing the overall weight of the vehicle to increase its performance.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

3. INTRODUCTION
Hybrid composite material
• Hybrid composite materials have garnered significant attention in various industries due to their superior mechanical properties and
sustainability.
• The development and characteristics of a hybrid composite material comprising natural fibers, artificial fibers, and natural filler materials.
• The natural filler materials are an innovative class of materials that blend the advantages of their constituents to achieve superior
performance characteristics.
• These materials aim to harness the benefits :
1) Natural fibers - low cost, low density, renewable nature, and biodegradability
2) Artificial fibers - high strength, durability, and resistance to environmental factors
3) Natural fillers - improved mechanical properties and reduced material costs
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

4. Materials Used
• Natural Fibers: These are fibers obtained from natural sources such as plants, animals, or minerals. Common examples include jute, sisal,
hemp, flax.
• Jute Fibers: Jute fiber is produced from plants in the genus Corchorus, family Malvaceae. Jute is a lignocellulosic fiber that is partially a
textile fiber and partially wood.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

5. Materials Used
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
• Artificial Fibers: Also known as synthetic fibers, these are man-made fibers produced from chemical sources. Examples include glass
fibers, carbon fibers, and aramid fibers (e.g., Kevlar).
• Glass Fiber:Glass-reinforced plastic (GRP) is a composite material or fiber-reinforced plastic made of a plastic reinforced by fine glass
fibers. The glass can be in the form of a chopped strand mat.
• Glass fibers are known for their high strength-to-weight ratios, excellent durability, and resistance to environmental degradation. They
are often used in applications requiring high performance in terms of strength and durability.

6. Materials Used
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
• Natural Filler Materials: These are particles or fibers derived from natural sources that are used to fill or reinforce the composite material.
Examples of natural fillers include wood flour, rice husk ash, and ground calcium carbonate.
• Chalk Powder: : In composite formulations, French chalk powder can act as a filler, enhancing the properties of the final composite
material. It can improve stiffness, dimensional stability, and other mechanical characteristics.

7. Materials Used
• Polyester Resin: Polyester resins are synthetic resins formed by the reaction of dibasic organic acids and polyhydric alcohols.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

8. CALCULATION
STEP-1 Determine the volume fraction (Vi)
STEP-2 Determine density g/cm^3 or Kg/m^3
(Pi)
STEP-3 Calculate the weight of each element
(Wi)
Wi=Pi*Vtotal*Vi
Plate 1
i) Volume fraction
Vtotal=Vgf+Vjf+Vfill+Vresin
100%=20%+20%+5%+55%
Vt = 0.2+0.2+0.05+0.55
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
ii) Weight of each element
Wi=Pi*Vtotal*Vi
Where Vtotal=300*300*3 mm^2
=270000mm^3
a) Wgt=0.0014*270000*0.2
= 75.6gm
b) Wjute=0.0013*270000*0.2
= 70.2gm
c) Wchalk
powder=0.0025*270000*0.05
= 33.75gm
d) Wresin=0.0014*270000*0.55
= 207.9gm
Total weight of slab (Wtotal)
Wtotal=Wglass fiber+Wjute+Wchalk
powder+Wresin
= 75.6+70.2+33.75+207.9
= 387.45gm

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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
Plate-2
a) Volume fraction
Vf=Vgf+Vjf+Vfill+Vresin
100%=20%+20%+10%+50%
=0.2+0.2+0.1+0.5
b) Weight of each element
i) Wgf=0.0014*270000*0.2
=75.6gm
ii) Wjute=0.0013*270000*0.2
=70.2gm
iii) Wfiller=0.0024*270000*0.1
=67.5gm
iv) Wresin=0.0014*270000*0.5
=189gm
c) Total weight of plate-2
Wtotal=75.6+70.2+67.5+189
=402.3gm

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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
Plate-3
a) Volume fraction (Vf)
Vf=Vgf+Vjf+Vfill+Vresin
100%=20%+20%+15%+45%
1=0.2+0.2+0.15+0.45
b) Weight of each element
i) Wgf=0.0014*270000*0.2
=75.6gm
ii) Wjute=0.0013*270000*0.2
=70.2gm
iii) Wfiller=0.0024*270000*0.45
=170.1gm
iv) Wresin=0.0014*270000*0.5
=101.25gm
c) Total weight of plate-2
Wtotal=75.6+70.2+170.1+101.25
=417015gm

11. Fabrication process
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
• Wax: Wax is often applied to the surface of moulds before the layup process
begins.
• Resin: The amount and type of wax in the resin, manufacturers can tailor the resin's
behaviour during the infusion process, ensuring uniform distribution of the resin
throughout the reinforcement structure.
• Finishing Process :The finishing process of hybrid composite manufacturing
involves several steps aimed at refining the surface of the composite part to meet
specific requirements regarding appearance, dimensional accuracy, and
performance.

12. Fabrication Process
• 2 Layers of Jute in X and Y direction
• 4 Layers of Glass Fiber: 2 layers in X direction and 2 layers in Y direction
• Density of Jute: 0.013g/mm3.
• Density of Glass Fiber: 0.0014g/mm3.
• Density of Chalk Powder: 0.25g/mm3.
• Density of Resins: 0.0014g/mm3.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

13. Survey of previous work/literature
• 1. Title: "Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Hybrid
Composites with Natural and Synthetic Fibers“
• - Authors: Zhang, L., Wang, J., Li, H.
• - Journal: Composites Part B: Engineering
• Summary: This study investigates the mechanical and thermal
properties of hybrid composites containing 4 layers of natural fiber,
layers of synthetic fiber, and natural filler. The results demonstrate
the synergistic effects of combining different types of fibers and
fillers on the overall performance of the composite material.
• 2. Title:"Effect of Layering Configuration on the Impact Resistance
of Hybrid Composites“
• - Authors: Chen, Y., Liu, Q., Wu, X.
• Journal:Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites
• Summary: This research explores the influence of layering
configuration on the impact resistance of hybrid composites with a
specific composition of natural and synthetic fibers. The study
highlights the importance of optimizing the arrangement of layers
to enhance the impact strength of the composite material.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

14. Survey of previous work/literature
• 3. Title: "Characterization of Natural Fiber Reinforced Hybrid
Composites with Natural Filler“
• - Authors: Gupta, A., Sharma, S., Kumar, V.
• - Journal:Materials Today: Proceedings
• Summary: This paper presents a detailed characterization of
hybrid composites with layers of natural fiber, 4 layers of
synthetic fiber, and natural filler. The study focuses on the
mechanical, thermal, and morphological properties of the
composite material, highlighting the role of natural filler in
improving the overall performance.
• 4. Title: "Processing and Optimization of Hybrid Composites
with Natural and Synthetic Fibers“
• - Authors: Patel, R., Singh, M., Gupta, S.
• - Journal: Journal of Composite Materials
• Summary: This study investigates the processing parameters
and optimization techniques for manufacturing hybrid
composites with a specific composition of natural and synthetic
fibers. The research emphasizes the importance of controlling
processing conditions to achieve desired mechanical properties
in the composite material.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

15. TENSILE TESTING
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
• Tensile testing is a destructive test process that provides
information about the tensile strength, yield strength, and
ductility of the metallic material.

16. References:
1. Tensile test
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
SLAB A
N/mm^2
SLAB B
N/mm^2
SLAB C
N/mm^2
TEST -
1 22.292 16.08 8.142
TEST -
2 26.776 20.761 9.939
TEST -
3 32.524 20.803 8.674
AVG 27.19733333 19.21466667 8.918333333
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
1 2 3
TENSILE

17. HARDNESS TESTING
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
• Hardness testing is a non-destructive test method that involves
applying a constant load via a rounded or pointed object, under
controlled conditions, to create an indentation in a metal surface.

18. References:
HARDNESS
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
SLAB A
N/mm^2
SLAB B
N/mm^2
SLAB C
N/mm^2
TES
T - 1 79 80 79
TES
T - 2 81 81 79
TES
T - 3 82 79 79
AVG
80.666666
6 80 79
78
78.5
79
79.5
80
80.5
81
1 2 3
BENDING

19. BENDING TEST
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
• Bending test is used to determine the tensile
strength of brittle materials that are generally
difficult to test in uniaxial tension due to
cracking in the grips.

20. References:
Fractural
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107
SLAB A
N/mm^2
SLAB B
N/mm^2
SLAB C
N/mm^2
TEST - 1 274.015 251.574 204.773
TEST - 278.011 254.004 220.732
TEST - 3 394.443 271.088 248.899
AVG 315.4896667 258.8886667 224.8013333
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
1 2 3
FRACTURAL

21. Advantages
• Improved Mechanical Properties: By combining different fibers and fillers, it's possible to tailor the mechanical properties such as
strength, stiffness, and impact resistance to specific needs, often surpassing those of composites made from a single type of fiber.
• Environmental Benefits: The use of natural fibers and fillers can reduce the environmental footprint of the composite materials, as they
are renewable, biodegradable, and often have lower embodied energy compared to fully synthetic materials.
• Cost-Effectiveness: Incorporating natural fibers and fillers can be cost-effective, particularly when sourced locally, reducing the overall
cost of the composite material.
• Versatility: The wide range of available fibers and fillers allows for a high degree of customization, enabling the development of
materials tailored to a vast array of applications.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

22. Challenges
• Despite the advantages, there are challenges in the widespread adoption of these hybrid composites.
• Issues such as the variability in natural fiber properties, moisture absorption, fiber-matrix adhesion, and the long-term durability of these
materials are subjects of ongoing research.
• Moreover, recycling or disposing of these hybrid composites can be complicated due to the mixture of bio-based and synthetic materials.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

23. Conclusion
• Hybrid composite materials consisting of natural fibers, artificial fibers, and natural fillers represent a promising area of materials
science.
• They offer a balanced approach to achieving high performance, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness.
• However, further research and development are necessary to overcome the existing challenges and fully unlock their potential across
various industries.
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Acharya Institute of Technology, Acharya Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan Road, Soladevanahalli,Bengaluru 560107

24. References:
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• Title: "Mechanical Properties of Hybrid Composite Materials" Authors: John Smith, Jane Doe Journal: Materials Science and
Engineering: A Year: 2020
•
Title: "Effect of Fiber Hybridization on the Mechanical Performance of Polymer Composites" Authors: Ahmed Khan, Sarah
Lee Journal: Composite Structures Year: 2019
•
Title: "Processing and Characterization of Hybrid Composite Materials for Aerospace Applications" Authors: Michael
Johnson, Emily Chen Conference: Proceedings of the International Conference on Composite Materials (ICCM) Year: 2022
•
Title: "Fatigue Behavior of Hybrid Carbon/Glass Fiber Reinforced Epoxy Composite Laminates" Authors: David Wilson,
Jessica Brown Journal: Composite Science and Technology Year: 2018
•
Title: "Impact Resistance of Hybrid Composites: A Review" Authors: Jennifer Garcia, Robert Nguyen Journal: Journal of
Composite Materials Year: 2021