This document discusses the medicinal plant Ruta graveolens (garden rue). It notes that rue has various medicinal uses and contains compounds like rutin and coumarins that are valued in pharmaceutical industries. It provides information on the plant's history of use, morphological features, cultivation methods including soil and climate requirements, propagation, and effects of sowing dates and micronutrients on its growth and chemical composition. Tables show results of experiments on the impacts of different treatments on rue's vegetative growth, essential oil content, and rutin and coumarin percentages.

2.  Nature >80,000 plants- medicinal value-only 2,000 plants known for curative
value- 40 medicinal plants- commercial cultivation…..
 90 % collection of medicinal plants from wild source
 Many useful species getting endangered…..
 India- richest in genetic resources of medicinal plants in world, stands 10th
PGR rich countries, one among top 12 mega diversity nations and 2 out of
18 hot spots
 WHO- 80% population in developing countries relay on traditional
medicines for their primary health care
 Synthetic drugs – more side effects …….
 Demand for plant based drugs is increasing… due to little side effects….
 Rue is one such plant with various medicinal values getting importance now a
days in drug & pharmaceutical industries ……
(Peter, 2007)

3. 3
Production and Utilization of Garden Rue (Ruta
graveolens L.)
Shivanand .M. R.
UHS11PGM143
Dept. of PMA
KITTUR RANI CHANNAMMA COLLEGE OF HORTICULTURE, ARABHAVI -591 218

4. History of Rue
 Rue is first mentioned by Turner, 1562, in his Herbal
 Hippocrates specially commended it, and it constituted a
chief ingredient of the famous antidote to poison
 The Greeks regarded it as an antimagical herb, because it
serves as remedy for indigestion
 In the Middle Ages and later, it was considered - in many
parts of Europe - a powerful defence against witches
 Pliny- reported Rue to be effective for the preservation of
eye sight (Heidi, 2010)

5. “Here in this place
I'll set a bank of rue, sour herb of grace;
Rue, even for ruth, shall shortly here be seen,
In the remembrance of a weeping queen.”
William Shakespeare-
Mentioned about Rue in Richard III:

6.  Garden Rue (Ruta graveolens L.)
 Rutaceae , genus –Ruta in Latin, means “Bitter” and species
graveolens –means “strong smelling”
 Indigenous to Mediterranean region and distributed in South
America, China, India, Middle East and South Africa
(Miguel,2003)
 Different authors accept between 8-40 species in the genus but
most common one are- R. graveolens, R. chelapensis…
 It is commonly known as - Rue/Common Rue/Garden Rue/
Herb of Grace
 Aerial parts of the herb are used as economic part

7.  Herbaceous perennial evergreen medicinal shrub with blue-green
foliage and grows up to 75 cm heigh
 Leaves are compound, shortly petiolate with ultimate segments
obovate-oblong
 Flowers are yellow in colour with 4-5 petals
 Fruits are capsules and shortly pedicelled contains numerous seeds
 Rue contains about 0.5% of volatile oil, flavonoids, coumarins, and
furoquinoline alkaloids which are valued in pharmaceutical industry
 Responsible for the bitter taste is Rutin (7 to 8% in the dried leaves)
(Warrier et al., 1996)

8. Garden Rue plant with different parts

9.  Internally as an antispasmodic, as a treatment for menstrual
problems, as an abortifacient, and as a sedative
 Anthelmintic, antidote, carminative, emetic, emmenagogue,
expectorant, haemostatic, ophthalmic, strongly stimulant, mildly
stomachic and uterotonic
 An essential oil is used in food flavouring industry (Anon, 1972)
 Cures several skin diseases like Psoriasis and Vitiligo (Massot,
2000)
 Extracts of Rue used as an antidote for toxins of snakes and
scorpion venoms (Sallal, 1996)
Medicinal Uses

10.  The plant is useful in vitiated conditions of kapha and vata,
fever, flatulence etc.
 The oil acts as a stimulant for uterine and nervous systems
 The fresh leaves are used for rheumatalgia
 The juice obtained from the leaves is given to children for helminthic
infections and is good for odontalgia and otalgia
 The dried leaves, powdered and combined with aromatics, are given as
a remedy for dyspepsia and with the fresh leaves a tincture is made
which is used as an external remedy in the first stages of paralysis
(Nadkarni, 1998)

11. Rue makes a
refreshing
eyewash when
steeped
in purified water
overnight
(Heidi, 2010)

12. Soil
Grows well in sandy-loam soils with medium fertility
Soils with well decomposed FYM found best for
germination and better survival of seedlings & productivity
Soil pH : 6.0 to 8.0
(Rajat, 2002)

13. Climate
It requires mild cold and tropical climates
It tolerates hot and dry conditions and prefers open
spaces under bright sunlight
Optimum temperature : 15-28 C
Relative humidity : 60-75 % (Rajat, 2002)

14. Propagation
Commonly by– Seeds & Stem cuttings
Commercially – Seeds, Viable- 2-3 years
Seed rate: 250-300 g/ha (Rajat, 2002)

15. Table:1 Effect of PGRs alone and in combination on indirect shoot morphogenesis in
leaf callus of R. graveolens, after 8 weeks of culture Ahmad et al., 2010, U.P

16. Table:2 Effect of auxins on in vitro root induction in tissue culture raised shoots
obtained from indirect regeneration of R. graveolens on MS medium, after
4 weeks of culture Ahmad et al., 2010, U.P
Values represent mean standard error of 10 replicates per treatment in three repeated
experiments. Means sharing by the same letter are not significantly different (P=0.05) using
Duncan's multiple range test.

17. Fig:1 (A) Culture showing shoot bud emergence from leaf derived callus on MS+BA (7.5
μM), after 4 weeks;
(B) Multiple shoot buds induced on MS + BA (7.5 μM)+NAA (1.0 μM), after 8 weeks of
culture;
(C) Transverse section showing organisation of meristematic zone (Bar=100 μm);
(D) In vitro rooting in regenerated shoot on MS+IBA (0.5 μM), after 4 weeks.
-Ahmad et al., 2010, U.P

18. Bed preparation:
Bed height : 10-15 cm
Width of bed: Raised nursery bed of 1 m width
and convenient length
 Season:- April- May
Sowing: Bold and healthy seeds, depth of 1.5-2.0 cm, covered
with soil, water - rose can , seeds germinates – 20-30 days
 Transplanting: Seedlings of 20-25 cm height & 50- 55 days
old , Spacing – 40X40 cm
Nursery Management
(Rajat, 2002)

19. Table: 3 Effect of sowing date and micronutrients fertilization on vegetative growth characters of
Ruta graveolens plants Naguib et al., 2007, Egypt
Treatment
ppm
Sowing date
Plant Ht.
(cm)
No . of
leaves
No. of
branches
Fresh weight (g /plant) Dry weight(g /plant)
Leaves Stem Roots Leaves Stem Roots
Control
1 st date
(1st Oct)
38.3 58.4 4.3 10.2 4.7 2.7 3.3 2.5 3.3
Fe 50 42.2 68.2 4.9 14.1 9.6 3.8 5.2 4.7 3.2
Fe 100 44.8 58.2 4.7 11.9 8.5 3.3 4.4 4.1 2.8
Mn 50 40.4 66 4.3 13.5 9.1 3.1 4.9 4.0 2.6
Mn 100 39.3 61.2 4.4 13.1 8.2 4.0 5.0 4.0 3.6
Zn 50 33.5 56.2 4.1 12.9 7.7 3.1 4.3 3.6 2.8
Zn 100 37.4 51.8 4.3 16.3 10.6 4.3 3.4 2.8 1.7
Mean of 1st date 39.4 60 4.4 13.1 8.3 3.5 4.4 3.6 2.6
control
2nddate
(1st Nov)
26.4 57 4.8 16.1 7.0 5.2 4.3 2.3 2.6
Fe 50 27.4 63.8 5.6 15.4 7.8 5.9 4.9 2.9 2.8
Fe 100 33.8 65.2 5.8 20.8 12.3 8.9 5.9 4.2 3.3
Mn 50 33.3 63 5.7 18.2 10.5 8.5 5.2 3.5 3
Mn 100 28.8 59.7 5.4 14.7 10.4 8.0 3.9 2.9 2.9
Zn 50 28.8 59.3 5.2 12 6.8 7.1 3.7 2.4 2.7
Zn 100 20.3 44.4 5.2 6.6 3.4 2.1 1.8 0.5 1.2
Mean of 2st date 28.4 58.9 5.3 14.8 8.3 6.5 4.2 2.7 2.6
Control
Mean value of
micronutrient
fertilization
32.4 57.3 4.6 13.2 5.9 4.0 3.8 2.4 2.5
Fe 50 34.8 66 5.3 14.8 8.7 4.9 5.1 3.8 3.0
39.3 61.7 5.3 16.4 10.4 6.1 5.2 4.2 3.1Fe 100
Mn 50 36.9 64.5 5.0 15.9 9.8 5.8 5.1 3.8 2.8
Mn 100 34.1 60.5 4.9 13.9 9.3 6 4.6 3.5 3.0
Zn 50 31.2 57.8 4.7 12.5 7.3 5.1 4.0 3.0 2.8
Zn 100 28.9 48.1 4.8 11.5 7.0 3.2 2.6 1.7 1.5
LSD sowing dates 0.6 0.6 0.6 0.6 N.S. 0.6 N.S. 0.6 N.S.
LSD minerals 0.8 1.1 N.S. 1.1 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.1 N.S.
LSD sowing dates mineral fertilizer 1.6 1.6 N.S. 1.5 1.7 2.4 N.S. N.S. N.S.

20. Table:4 Effect of sowing date and micronutrients fertilization on weight of flowers and essential oil content
in herb and flowers of Ruta graveolens plants Naguib et al., 2007, Egypt
Treatment -ppm Sowing date
Essential oil/herb Flowers fresh
weight( g/plant)
Essential oil /flowers
Oil % ml/plant oil % ml/plant
control
1 st date
(1st Oct)
0.07 0.032 3.0 0.108 0.003
Fe 50 0.056 0.025 3.3 0.111 0.006
Fe 100 0.079 0.040 7.5 0.117 0.009
Mn 50 0.066 0.020 4.6 0.136 0.006
Mn 100 0.054 0.012 2.2 0.113 0.002
Zn 50 0.074 0.023 3.3 0.037 0.001
Zn 100 0.074 0.035 5.1 0.060 0.003
Mean of 1st date 0.068 0.027 4.2 0.097 0.004
control
2nddate
(1st Nov)
0.107 0.022 3.4 0.110 0.004
Fe 50 0.198 0.050 3.7 0.136 0.005
Fe 100 0.136 0.040 2.8 0.143 0.004
Mn 50 0.128 0.033 3.2 0.065 0.005
Mn 100 0.167 0.02 2.6 0.156 0.002
Zn 50 0.134 0.019 1.9 0.850 0.002
Zn 100 0.219 0.020 1.8 0.075 0.002
Mean of 2st date 0.156 0.029 2.9 0.110 0.003
control
Mean value of
micronutrient
fertilization
0.089 0.027 3.2 0.109 0.004
Fe 50 0.127 0.038 3.5 0.124 0.006
Fe 100 0.128 0.040 5.7 0.138 0.007
Mn 50 0.097 0.027 3.9 0.146 0.006
Mn 100 0.111 0.016 2.4 0.089 0.002
Zn 50 0.104 0.021 2.6 0.061 0.002
Zn 100 0.147 0.027 3.6 0.068 0.003
LSD sowing dates 0.003 N.S. 1.1 N.S. 0.001
LSD minerals 0.006 0.005 1.3 N.S. 0.001
LSD sowing dates mineral fertilizer 0.008 0.008 2.4 N.S. 0.002

21. Table:5 Effect of sowing date and micronutrients fertilization on rutin and coumarin
percentage of Ruta graveolens L. plants
Naguib et al., 2007, Egypt
Treatment-
ppm
Rutin % Coumarin %
1 st date
(1st Oct)
2nd date
(1st Nov)
Mean
1 st date
(1st Oct)
2nd date
(1st Nov)
Mean
Control 0.895 0.945 0.920 0.018 0.200 0.019
Fe 50 0.01 0.190 1.190 0.020 0.250 0.023
Fe 100 1.016 1.080 1.048 0.020 0.026 0.023
Mn 50 0.965 1.170 1.068 0.024 0.027 0.026
Mn 100 0.945 0.020 0.983 0.022 0.020 0.021
Zn 50 1.015 1.100 1.058 0.023 0.022 0.023
Zn 100 0.940 1.070 1.005 0.025 0.024 0.025
Means of
sowing dates
0.964 1.082 - 0.022 0.023 -

22. Irrigation
 In lighter soils, more frequent irrigation is needed than that in
heavy soils
 After establishment of plants irrigated as and when required
weekly or fortnightly intervals
 Field should be kept free from weeds by manual hand weedings
(Rajat, 2002)

23. Manures and Fertilizers
FYM: 10 tonnes /ha
NPK: 150:50:50 Kg/ha
(50 % of N and full dose of P and K applied as basal
dose before planting, another 50 % N is top dressed 45 days
after transplanting) (Basavaraju et al., 2010)

24. Table:6 Influence of VAM fungi on growth of Ruta graveolens L. after 120 days of
inoculation (DAI)
Prakash et al., 2011, Assam
Sl.
No.
Treatment
Increase in
Ht. (cm)
Root
length
(cm)
Fresh
weight of
shoot (gm)
Fresh
weight of
root (gm)
Dry
weight of
shoot (gm)
Dry
weight of
root (gm)
%
Mycorrhizal
colonization
Total VAM
spore
number
(25
gm/soil)
1
Glomus
mosseae
(Gm)
13.5 4.13 12.5 1.0 70.0 4.1 25.0 0.8 30.3 0.8 12.3 2.6 85 8.9 713 9.2
2
Acaulospora
laevis (Al)
10.0 4.03 8.5 2.9 69.1 3.9 23.5 4.2 30.1 1.3 12.1 2.8 80 9.4 678 11.3
3
Gigaspora
gigantea
(Gg)
8.5 2.14 8.5 3.2 60.0 1.4 22.5 1.8 30.0 2.1 11.1 3.4 60 7.6 611 8.9
4
Gm + Al
+ Gg
14.0 1.14 12.8 3.0 70.5 2.1 25.5 3.2 30.5 3.0 12.5 2.9 98 6.4 735 10.8
5 Control 4.3 3.01 4.0 0.8 12.5 0.6 4.5 0.2 7.5 0.5 2.6 0.01 98 2.2 211 5.0
SEm (Standard error of mean); data are Average of five replication each.

25. Table:7 Influence of VAM fungi on shoot and root biomass and P content of Ruta
graveolens L. after 120 days of inoculation (DAI)
Prakash et al., 2011, Assam
Sl.
No.
Treatment
Biomass/plant % P content
Bi Qi
Shoot Root Shoot Root
1
Glomus
mosseae (Gm)
56.71 4.8b 50.80 1.2b 0.48 0.6b 0.61 0.08b 6.5 0.74
2
Acaulospora
laevis (Al)
56.43 4.3b 48.51 1.4b 0.48 0.4b 0.63 0.001b 4.0 0.74
3
Gigaspora
gigantea (Gg)
50.00 2.8a 50.66 2.1a 0.46 0.9a 0.52 0.02a 2.55 0.63
4 Gm + Al + Gg 56.74 1.9b 50.80 2.3b 0.51 3.6b 0.63 0.007b 7.98 0.75
5 Control 40.00 0.8a 42.22 1.0a 0.32 0.9a 0.38 0.001a 0.84 0.62
6 LSD 8.28 8.45 0.14 0.15
-SEm (Standard error of mean); LSD- Least standard deviation; Bi - Biovolume index; Qi
- Quality index

26. Treatment details:
Compost levels (4):
 Compost 0- 0 kg N/ha
 Compost 1- 78.54 kg N/ha
 Compost 2- 159.46 kg N/ha
 Compost 3- 238.6 kg N/ha
Sowing distance (3):
 30 cm distance between plants
 40 cm distance between plants
 50 cm distance between plants
 (row to row distance- 60cm fixed)
Table: Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on vegetative
characters of Ruta graveolens L.
Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt

27. Treatments
Plant
height
(cm)
No. of
branc
hes
/plant
Fresh weight (g/plant) Dry weight (g/plant)
Leaves Stem Root Total Leaves Stem Root Total
A) Effect of compost:
Comp 0 34.3 13.8 17.4 28.9 5.1 51.4 7.4 11.4 2.9 21.7
Comp 1 38.5 13.6 14.0 25.5 5.4 44.9 8.7 12.5 3.3 24.3
Comp 2 37.6 13.9 18.6 35.8 6.4 60.8 8.4 13.7 3.7 27.8
Comp 3 41.1 13.2 25.9 46.9 6.5 79.2 9.0 18.5 3.5 31.4
LSD 5% 1.4 NS 1.26 1.64 0.56 0.69 0.60 0.8 0.34 1.17
B) Effect of sowing distances:
30 cm 37.4 13.6 17.5 29.9 5.2 52.6 9.0 12.1 3.1 11.1
40 cm 40.5 13.2 20.4 31.4 5.9 57.7 8.1 14.9 4.3 27.3
50 cm 39.5 14.2 19.1 40.8 6.5 66.2 8.0 15.2 4.4 27.7
LSD 5% 1.21 0.48 1.09 1.42 0.49 0.60 0.54 0.69 0.29 1.01
Table:8 Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on vegetative characters of
Ruta graveolens L. Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha

28. Treatments
plant
height
(cm)
No. Of
branches
/plant
Fresh weight (g/plant) Dry weight (g/plant)
Leaves Stem Root Total Leaves Stem Root Total
C) Effect of interaction between compost and sowing distance:
Comp 0
30 cm 39.9 14.1 20.4 35.3 5.0 60.7 8.9 14.6 3.0 26.5
40 cm 40.1 12.5 16.6 25 4.9 46.5 6.7 9.6 2.9 19.2
50 cm 37.8 14.9 15.2 23.3 5.3 43.8 6.5 10.0 2.7 19.2
Comp 1
30 cm 36.6 13.8 10.9 15.7 4.2 30.8 8.8 9.2 3.5 23.6
40 cm 39.9 14.5 15.7 31.5 6.2 53.4 8.2 14.9 3.4 26.5
50 cm 39.1 13.0 15.4 29.2 5.9 50.5 7.1 13.5 3.0 23.6
Comp 2
30cm 34.1 13.9 17.4 28.9 6.4 52.7 8.3 11.4 3.5 23.2
40 cm 38.9 11.8 20.9 37.2 6.3 64.4 8.8 17.6 3.7 33.1
50 cm 39.8 14.9 17.6 41.2 6.4 65.2 8.0 12.2 3.9 27.1
Comp3
30 cm 39.1 12.0 21.4 39.6 5.0 66 7.8 13.2 2.5 23.5
40 cm 43 13.8 28.2 31.8 6.3 66.3 10.9 17.4 4.3 30.5
50 cm 41.3 15.1 28.0 69.4 8.4 105.4 10.5 25.0 4.8 40.3
LSD 5% 2.42 0.96 2.19 2.84 0.97 1.2 1.09 1.39 0.58 2.02
Continued……
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha

29. Treatments
Flower
yield/
plant(g)
Essential oil(%) Essential oil ml/ ha
Leaves Flower Leaves Flowers
A) Effect of compost:
Comp 0 39.2 0.119 0.131 517.22 1288.34
Comp 1 36.2 0.112 0.109 425.00 1511.73
Comp 2 44.6 0.103 0.135 510.46 1491.21
Comp 3 64.8 0.121 0.164 712.93 1535.00
LSD 5% 2.18 0.006 0.003 14.95 158.32
B) Effect of sowing distances:
30 cm 43.4 0.131 0.144 726.69 1711.98
40 cm 45.6 0.110 0.133 538.63 1623.37
50 cm 49.6 0.100 0.128 363.66 1034.35
LSD 5% 1.89 0.005 0.004 12.95 137.09
Table:9 Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on flowers yield and
essential oil of Ruta graveolens L. Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha

30. Treatments
Flower yield/
plant(g)
Essential oil(%) Essential oil ml/ ha
Leaves Flower Leaves Flowers
C) Effect of interaction between compost and sowing distance:
Comp 0
30 cm 40.0 0.099 0.123 637.82 1561.23
40 cm 38.3 0.125 0.127 525.46 1233.72
50 cm 39.3 0.134 0.143 388.42 1070.04
Comp 1
30 cm 32.7 0.113 0.085 590.22 1707.22
40 cm 39.1 0.116 0.163 462.01 1617.02
50 cm 36.7 0.076 0.150 222.77 1049.10
Comp 2
30cm 37.7 0.140 0.143 590.22 1710.39
40 cm 42.1 0.100 0.172 530.55 1837.88
50 cm 54.0 0.068 0.090 226.58 925.344
Comp3
30 cm 63.3 0.171 0.180 767.93 1869.04
40 cm 62.9 0.100 0.113 715.86 1804.87
50 cm 68.3 0.123 0.128 654.98 1092.90
LSD 5% 3.77 0.012 0.009 21.300 208.980
Continued……
Comp1- 78.54 kg N/ha; comp2-159.46 kg N/ha; comp3-238.6 kg N/ha

31. Table:10 Influence of compost fertilizer and sowing distance on rutin and
coumarin (%) of Ruta graveolens L. Sherbeny et al., 2007, Egypt
Treatments Total Rutin(%) Total Coumarin(%)
A) Effect of compost:
Comp 0 1.31 0.0127
Comp 1 1.43 0.0143
Comp 2 1.51 0.0150
Comp 3 1.52 0.0153
B) Effect of sowing distances:
30 cm 1.46 0.0145
40 cm 1.40 0.0140
50 cm 1.45 0.0145
C) Effect of interaction between compost and sowing distance:
Comp 0 (0 kg N/ha)
30 cm 1.20 0.0120
40 cm 1.21 0.0120
50 cm 1.42 0.0140
Comp 1 (78.54 kg N/ha)
30 cm 1.50 0.0150
40 cm 1.51 0.0150
50 cm 1.31 0.0130
Comp 2 (159.46 kg N/ha)
30cm 1.51 0.0150
40 cm 1.42 0.0140
50 cm 1.52 0.0150
Comp3 (238.6 kg N/ha)
30 cm 1.61 0.0160
40 cm 1.51 0.0150
50 cm 1.60 0.0160

32. Table:11 Effect of nitrogen fertilizer on growth, yield and essential oil content in Ruta
graveolens L. Kumar et al., 2006, Solan
Fertilizer
doses
Plant
height (cm)
No. of
branches
Longest
branch
length
(cm)
Fresh
herbage
yield (q/ha)
Root yield
(q/ha)
Essential
oil content
(%)
Essential
oil yield
(l/ha)
N 0 Kg/ha 46.77 5.89 21.22 54.62 2.68 0.08 4.37
N 20 Kg/ha 50.80 7.34 22.55 61.95 3.38 0.08 4.96
N 40 Kg/ha 64.39 11.89 27.33 73.11 4.25 0.09 6.58
N 60 Kg/ha 70.12 12.22 48.89 91.00 6.89 0.10 9.10
N 80 Kg/ha 70.81 16.67 57.22 99.73 9.25 0.11 10.97
N100 Kg/ha 71.52 17.00 62.60 114.7 11.29 0.12 13.76
N120 Kg/ha 80.42 18.45 68.22 117.3 14.62 0.12 14.08
CD at 5% 3.10 3.11 6.44 9.11 1.67 0.03 1.89

33. Table:12 Green and dry herb yield of garden rue as influenced by integrated nutrient
management practices in coconut garden Basavaraju et al., 2010, Bangalore
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Green herb yield (kg/ha) Dry herb yield (kg/ha)
I Harvest II Harvest III Harvest Total I Harvest II Harvest III Harvest Total
1
Recommended practice
(10 t FYM + 150:50:50
NPK kg/ha)
3121 6872 9925 19918 933 1824 2102 4859
2
Recommended NPK
(150:50:50 NPK kg/ha)
2963 6358 8642 17963 871 1646 1852 4369
3 100 % N through FYM 2990 4376 7329 14695 898 1173 1424 3495
4
100 % N through
Vermicompost
3035 4479 6416 13930 919 1166 1336 3421
5
100 % N through
Composted Coir Pith
2329 3323 4681 10333 693 878 988 2558
6
50 % N through FYM +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
2973 6626 9794 19393 892 1804 1972 4667
7
50 % N through VC + 50
% NPK through fertilizers
2719 6375 8052 17147 837 1756 1678 4271
8
0 % N through CCP + 50
% NPK through fertilizers
2675 6128 8100 16903 809 1660 1613 4083
S. Em 198 455 649 1142 56 106 106 240
CD at 5 % NS 1380 1968 3465 NS 322 322 728

34. Table:13 Alkaloid content in dry herb and alkaloid yield per hectare of Garden rue as influenced by
integrated nutrient management practices Basavaraju et al., 2010, Bangalore
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Alkaloid content % Alkaloid yield (Kg/ha)
I
Harvest
II
Harvest
III
Harvest
Mean
I
Harvest
II
Harvest
III
Harvest
Total
1
Recommended practice
(10 t FYM + 150:50:50
NPK kg/ha)
2.60 2.29 1.57 2.16 24.21 41.81 33.00 99.02
2
Recommended NPK
(150:50:50 NPK kg/ha)
2.42 2.18 1.55 2.05 21.22 35.81 28.65 85.68
3 100 % N through FYM 1.95 2.08 1.52 1.85 17.6 24.35 21.74 63.69
4
100 % N through
Vermicompost
1.91 2.05 1.51 1.82 17.56 23.85 20.09 61.5
5
100 % N through
Composted Coir Pith
1.71 1.94 1.53 1.73 11.86 17.00 15.12 43.98
6
50 % N through FYM +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
2.44 2.22 1.60 2.08 21.7 40.04 31.56 93.30
7
50 % N through VC + 50
% NPK through
fertilizers
2.65 2.30 1.55 2.15 22.19 40.70 25.94 88.83
8
50 % N through CCP +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
2.59 2.28 1.56 2.14 20.61 37.90 25.14 83.65
S. Em 0.15 0.08 0.03 0.08 1.7 3.11 1.83 5.44
CD at 5 % 0.46 0.26 NS 0.24 5.16 9.44 5.56 16.5

35. Table:14 Economics of intercropping system of Garden rue in coconut garden as influenced by
integrated nutrient management practices
Basavaraju et al., 2010, Bangalore
Sl.
No.
Treatments
Economics of intrecrop Economics of intercropping system
Gross
income
(Rs./ha)
Cost of
production
(Rs./ha)
Net
income
(Rs./ha)
B:C
ratio
Gross
income
(Rs./ha)
Cost of
production
(Rs./ha)
Net
income
(Rs./ha)
B:C
ratio
1
Recommended practice
(10 t FYM + 150:50:50
NPK kg/ha)
106892 31960 74932 3.34 151267 50850 100417 2.97
2
Recommended NPK
(150:50:50 NPK kg/ha)
96118 26960 69158 3.57 140493 45850 94643 3.06
3 100 % N through FYM 76894 37420 39474 2.05 121269 56310 64959 2.15
4
100 % N through
Vermicompost
75265 36230 39035 2.08 119640 55120 64520 2.17
5
100 % N through
Composted Coir Pith
56283 37160 19123 1.51 100658 56050 44608 1.8
6
50 % N through FYM +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
102682 33520 69162 3.06 147057 52410 94647 2.81
7
50 % N through VC + 50
% NPK through
fertilizers
93960 32930 61030 2.85 138335 51820 86515 2.67
8
50 % N through CCP +
50 % NPK through
fertilizers
89826 33390 56436 2.69 134201 52280 81921 2.57
9 Coconut alone 38125 18890 19235 2.02

36. Root Rot : Pythium and Phytophtora sp.
 Symptoms:
 The base of stems discolor and shrink, and leaves further up
the stalk wilt and die
 Leaves near base are affected first. The roots will turn
black and rot or break
 Management :
 Remove affected plants and their roots
 Only use fresh, sterilized soil mix
 Avoid over watering to plants and make sure that soil is well drained prior
to planting
 Drenching Dithane M-45 (0.2%)
Diseases
(Rajat, 2002)

37. Citrus butter fly: Papilio demoleus
Management : Spraying of pongamia oil or neem oil 2%
Spray with Methyl parathion @ 1ml/ L & Monocrotophos @ 2ml/ L
Aphid : Myzus persicae
Management : Spraying of neem oil 2%
Spray with Permethrin or Malathion @ 1 ml/ L
Pests
(Rajat, 2002)

38.  Five to six months old plant can be harvested during full
flowering stage
 At this stage it contains maximum percentage of active
ingredients (Essential oil, Rutin, Coumarin)
 The cut plant should be dried in shade and stored
 Average yield: 2.5-3.0 tonne / ha of dry herb
Harvesting
(Rajat, 2002)

39. UTILIZATION OF GARDEN
RUE….

40.  Anti-fungal (Hashemi et al., 2011)
 Anticancer (Pathak et al., 2003)
 Anti-inflammatory (Ratheesh et al., 2007)
 Antimicrobial (Pandey et al., 2011)

41. Anti-fungal………..

42. Table: 15 Diameter of halo in various amounts of the Ruta graveolens
extract in Disk method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran
-Numbers are millimeter-based. the Mean (SD) diameter of halo was
determined after three times repeats
-Diameter of each disk was 6 mm

43. Fig:2 Ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens on Saprolegnia in
disk method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran

44. Table:16 Diameter of halo in various amounts of the Ruta
graveolens extract in wells method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran
-Numbers are millimeter-based. the Mean (SD) diameter of halo was
determined after three times repeats
-Diameter of each disk was 6 mm

45. Fig:3 Ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens on Saprolegnia in
wells method
Hashemi et al., 2011, Iran

46. Anti-cancer…………

47. Fig:4 Metaphases from control and Ruta 6-treated MGR1 human brain cancer
cells showing mitotic catastrophe Pathak et al., 2003, West Bengal
A- normal metaphase spread from a
control culture;
B- endoreduplicated partial metaphase
spread showing dicentrics, chromatid
breaks, and tri-radial configurations;
C- an endoreduplicated metaphase
with extensive chromosome
fragmentations from Ruta-treated
cultures.

48. Fig:5 Histograms showing percentages of mitotic index (MI) and normal and abnormal metaphases
of human brain cancer and B-lymphoid cells treated for 24 h with Ruta 6-high dose only, H2O2 only
and in combination: Pathak et al., 2003, West Bengal
A, human MGR1 brain
cancer cells showing
higher percentages
of abnormal metaphases
in H2O2- and Ruta 6-
treated cells;
B, normal human B-
lymphoid cells showing
more normal metaphases
in Ruta-treated cultures
and protection by Ruta 6
against H2O2

49. Fig: 6 FACS analyses of MGR1 brain cancer cells and normal B-lymphoid
cells for apoptosis after treatment with Ruta 6.
Pathak et al., 2003, West Bengal

50. Anti-microbial …………

51. Table: 17 MIC values of alcoholic, Chloroform and aqueous extracts of Ruta
graveolens stem against tested bacterial strain
Pandey et al., 2011, M.P
Escherichia coli , Salmonella typhimurium, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Staphyloccous
aureus , Bacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa , and Aeromonas culicicola

52. Fig:7 Antimicrobial activity of Ethanolic extract of Ruta graveolens L. stem
Pandey et al., 2011, M.P

53. Fig:8 Antimicrobial activity of Methanolic extract of Ruta graveolens L. stem
Pandey et al., 2011, M.P

54. Fig:9 Antimicrobial activity of Chloroform extract of Ruta graveolens L. stem
Pandey et al., 2011, M.P

55. Fig:10 Antimicrobial activity of aqueous extract of Ruta graveolens L. stem
Pandey et al., 2011, M.P

56. Anti-inflammatory…

57. Table:18 Anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous, ethanolic and methanolic
extract of R. graveolens.
Ratheesh and Helen, 2007
 Values are mean S.E.m
 P<0.05, significantly different from control

58. Fig: 11 Carrageenan induced paw edema in experimented rats

59. Pharmaceutical products of Garden Rue

60. Conclusion
 For shooting and rooting of leaf segment derived callus of rue MS
medium with 7.5 µM BA and 0.5 µM IBA found better respectively
 Mixed consortium of G. mosseae, A. laevis and G. gigantea are the best
strains of VAM to get higher yield of biomass, P content, Bi and Qi
 Application of N at 120 kg/ha significantly superior to improve the
growth, yield and quality parameters
 Ruta in combination with Ca3(PO4)2 could be used for effective
treatment of brain cancers, particularly glioma
 Ethanolic extract from rue roots had good antifungal effects against
Saprolegnia spp.