3. In Search of Political and Social Order Zhou Dynasty brings political confusion Period of Warring States Legalists, Daoists, Confucians
4. Confucius Chinese thinker who addressed problem of political and social order Aristocratic family Educator and political advisor Analects
5. Confucian Ideas Moral, ethical, political and practical Focused on proper ordering of human relationships Educated and conscientious rulers – junzi Emphasis on Zhou Dynasty texts
6. Confucian Values Strong moral integrity Ren– kindness and humanity Li – propriety, appropriate behavior Xiao – filial piety, respect in the family Traits lead to development of junzi – ideal leaders Self control Junzicould bring order to China
7. Mencius (372-289 B.C.E.) Confucian scholar Human nature basically good Encouraged support of education, avoid wars, light taxes, harmony and cooperation Not influential at the time Authority since 10th century C.E.
8. Xunzi (298 – 238 B.C.E.) Career as government administrator Belief in fundamental selfishness of humanity Compare with Mencius Emphasis on li, rigid propriety Discipline, standards of conduct
9. Daosim Critics of Confucian activism Pointless to waste time and energy on problems Focus on understanding fundamental nature of the world Believed this approach would bring harmony
10. Laozi and the Daodejing Founder in 6th century B.C.E. The Daodejing(Classic of Way and of Virtue) Zhuangzi (named for author, 369-236 BCE)
11. The Dao The way (of nature, cosmos) It is nothing, yet accomplishes everything Water: soft and yielding, but capable of eroding rock Cavity of pots, wheels: nonexistent, but essential
12. The Doctrine of Wuwei Attempt to control universe results in chaos Restore order by disengagement No advanced education No ambition Simple living in harmony with nature Cultivate self-knowledge
13. Political Implications of Daosim Less government Tiny communities instead of expansive empires Neither Confucianism nor Daoism exclusive faiths Confucianism as public doctrine Daoism as private pursuit Ironic combination allowed intellectuals to pursue both
14. Legalism Problems persisted during Warring States Period 3rd school of thought Emphasis on development of the state Ruthless approach to state building Unconcerned with ethics and morals, natural laws
15. Shang Yang (390-338 B.C.E.) Chief minister to the duke of the Qin state Feared for his power and ruthlessness Enemies executed him, mutilated body, annihilated family
16. Han Feizi (280-233 B.C.E.) Student of Xunzi Collection of essays on legalist ideas Forced to commit suicide by legalist opponents.
17. Legalist Doctrine State strengths: agriculture and military Channeled people into military or cultivation Adhere to clear, strict laws Severe punishment for minor infractions– deterrence
18. Impact of Legalism Practical Put an end to the Period of the Warring States Ends justifies the means Influenced Qin state Brought about unification of China
21. Kingdom of Qin Qin dynasty develops, 4th-3rd centuries BCE Generous land grants under Shang Yang Private farmers decrease power of large landholders Increasing centralization of power Improved military technology Qin state attacked one state after another Eventually brought China under control of one single state for the first time.
22. The First Emperor Qin Shihuangdi proclaims himself emperor in 221 B.C.E. Dynasty ends in 207, but sets dramatic precedent Basis of rule: centralized bureaucracy Long term influence
23. First Emperor China divided into administrative provinces and districts Disarmed regional militaries Built roads – communication and control Build defensive walls with drafted labor Massive public works Brought political stability
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25. Resistance to Qin Policies Criticized by Confucians and Daosists Critics were executed Burned books on philosophy, ethics, literature and some history
26. Burning of Books 460 scholars who criticized Qin were buried alive Other critics sentenced to the army to fight in dangerous regions Some scholars hid texts Many works disappeared
28. Standardized Script Script Previously: single language written in distinct scripts Maintained different spoken languages
29. Tomb of the First Emperor Qin died in 210 B.C.E. Tom built by 700,000 draft laborers 15,000 Terra cota soldiers Slaves, concubines and craftsmen sacrificed
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31. The Early Han Dynasty Qin dynasty quickly dissolved after his death Revolts began in 207 B.C.E. Ill will of laborers
32. Liu Bang Commander – restores order in 206 B.C.E Founder of new dynasty – Han Former Han (206 BCE-9 CE) Interruption 9-23 CE Later Han (25-220 CE) Consolidated the tradition of centralized rule Ruled from Chang’an
33. Early Han Policies Liu Bang mixed Zhou and Qin policies Relaxed Qin tyranny without returning to Zhou anarchy Created large landholdings; maintained control over administrative regions After failed rebellion, took more central control
34. The Martial Emperor, Han Wudi Greatest, most energetic Han ruler 141-87 B.C.E. Centralization and imperial expansion Increase authority and prestige of central government
35. Han Centralization Built enormous bureaucracy to administer empire Legalist ideals Imperial officers sent to administer provinces Build roads, canals Taxed agriculture, trade and crafts Monopolized iron and salt Enormous bureaucracy required educated individuals
36. The Confucian Education System 124 B.C.E. – Han Wudi establishes imperial university Prepare men for gov’t Confucian curriculum Ensured survival of Confucianism Enrolled over 3,000 30,000 by Later Han
37. Han Imperial Expansion Invaded northern Vietnam and Korea Ruled with Chinese-style government, Confucian values Confucianism influences education in Korea and Vietnam
38. The Xiongnu Nomadic people Central Asian steppes Raided villages and trade posts Maodun- greatest Xiongnu leader Han Wudi briefly dominates Xiongnu
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40. Han Expansion into Central Asia Han Wudi invades Central Asia with vast army 100,000 troops Xiongnu empire brought under military control Pacified area all the way to Bactria Xiongnu empire falls as a result of Han policies
44. Patriarchal Social Order Filial piety – family first Han moralist enhance male authority – believed it was fundamental to stable society Classic of Filial Piety – subordination of women Admonitions of Women – Ban Zhao Emphasized humility, obedience, subservience, devotion to husbands
45. Iron Metallurgy Iron industry grows under Han Cultivators used iron shovels, picks, hoes, sickles and spades Craftsmen – iron utensils, pots, stoves, knives, needles, axes, hammer, saws Iron armor, sharper swords, spears and arrowheads
46. Silk Textiles Sericulture expands beyond Yellow River Chinese silk becomes prized commodity – leads to network of trade known as Silk Roads Cultivation of silkworms Breeding Diet control Other silk-producing lands relied on wild worms
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48. Population Growth Agricultural prosperity = demographic growth Taxes claimed small portion of production Surplus grain in state granaries often spoiled
49. Economic Social Difficulties Han Wudi’s expansion into Central Asia caused economic strain Xiongnu expeditions Agricultural colonies Han Wudi raises taxes, confiscates land from wealthy Actions discouraged investment
50. Social Tensions Gap between rich and poor grows Lived very different lifestyles Differences led to tensions Peasant organize rebellions
51. Land Distribution Poor harvest, taxes led to land loss for some Increase in slavery and tenant farmers Land holdings of wealthy grow Banditry rebellion Government on side of wealthy
52. The reign of Wang Mang (9-23 C.E.) Wang Mang regent for 2-year old Emperor, 6 CE Takes power himself 9 CE Introduces massive reforms The “socialist emperor” Land redistribution, but poorly handled Social chaos ends in his assassination 23 CE
53. The Later Han Dynasty Han Dynasty emperors manage, with difficulty, to reassert control Centralized power regained Reorganized bureaucracy Controlled Xiongnu and Silk Roads
54. The Yellow Turban Uprising Social tensions not addressed in Later Han Dynasty Serious revolt throughout China in late second century C.E. Rebellions weakened the Han state
55. The Collapse of the Han Dynasty Imperial court developed factions Rivalries to protect self interests, influence Internal conflicts weakened central government Early 3rd century B.C.E. – central government disintegrates For 4 centuries, China divided into several large regional empires
56. Summary Qin – 14 years, opened new era in Chinese History Unification of rule Created a Chinese society Han Dynasty – over 400 years Centralized bureaucracy Technological innovation Spread Chinese culture