1. Evolving rural landscapes Prof.dr. Han Wiskerke Sub-department Sociology & Anthropology of Development Rural Sociology Group

2. Land use

3. Land use Built environment Nature Greenhouse horticulture Agriculture Water

4. Land use Spatial segregation of land use functions Mental and physical barrier between urban and rural

5. Introduction Post WW2 modernization of the countryside Characteristics and impact on rural landscapes Competing claims & reorientation of agricultural development Characteristics and impact on rural landscapes Future developments

6. Post WW2 agriculturalmodernisation Embedded in overall policy objective of fast export-oriented industrialisation: Self sufficiency in food supply at low prices for consumers Enhancement of the export of agricultural products through increase of production (in order to improve the national balance of payments) Two important lines in agricultural policy Intensification of production Structural development of the agricultural sector (1958-1972) Land reallocation / reconstruction measures Development and reconstruction funds Reduction of manual labour Specialisation

7. Agricultural modernisation Aim of land reallocation and reconstruction measures

8. Land reallocation / reconstruction measures (1961-1975) Noord-Beveland as example Changes in rural landscape Changes in agricultural structure Reconstruction works started after finalisation of ´Delta-works´ Agricultural modernisation

9. Agricultural modernisation Landscape before reconstruction

10. Agricultural modernisation

11. Agricultural modernisation

12. Agricultural modernisation

13. Agricultural modernisation

14. Reconstruction works Agricultural modernisation

15. Agricultural modernisation

16. Agricultural modernisation

17. Agricultural modernisation

18. Agricultural modernisation

19. Landscape after reconstruction Agricultural modernisation

20. Agricultural modernisation

21. Agricultural modernisation

22. Agricultural modernisation

23. Agricultural modernisation

24. Agricultural modernisation

25. The impact of land reallocation / reconstruction measures (example Noord-Beveland – Province of Zeeland) Before (1961) After (1975) No. of farms 233 147 No. of plots 1000 423 Average no. of plots/farm 4.3 2.9 Average plot size (ha) 6.3 14.5 Average farm size (ha) 24.8 41.4 Agricultural modernisation

26. For decades the primary function of the countryside was agriculture (production of food, feed and fibre) In recent decades agricultural land is increasingly needed for: Housing Industry and businesses Infrastructure (roads, railways) Nature Recreation Competing claims & modern agriculture in crisis

27. From the 1980s onwards the negative side-effects of modernisationgradually gained importance in the public debate In the 1990s agriculture was considered to be in a threefold crisis: Economic crisis (increasing costs, decreasing revenues) Ecological crisis (environmental pollution, deterioration of nature and landscape, degradation of (agro)biodiversity) Socio-cultural crisis (lack of trust in food quality and safety, agriculture disconnected from society; animal welfare concerns) Competing claims & modern agriculture in crisis

28. Growing demand for different land use in the countryside AND modern agriculture in crisis: Is there a solution to address both challenges at the same time? What are the implications for landscape? Two trendss: Change of land use (from agriculture to living, infrastructure, industry, nature, water) by maintaining spatial segregation of functions. Change of land use combined with diversification of on-farm activities through spatial integration of functions (multifunctional agriculture / land use) Change of land use

29. Change of land use – spatialsegregation

30. Change of land use – spatialsegregation

31. Change of land use – spatialsegregation

32. Change of land use – spatialsegregation

33. Change of land use – multifunctional land use Agrarian nature & landscape management

34. Change of land use – multifunctional land use Agri-tourism

35. Change of land use – multifunctional land use Green care

37. Excursions

38. Shop

39. Restaurant

40. Education

42. A shift from multifunctional land use at farm level to multifunctional land use at regional level: A shift from a business model to a regional development model based on the concept of economies of synergies (region branding) Requires consultation and negotiation with many actors (private, public and civic sector) Successful examples: GroeneWoud (Netherlands), Wine routes in Tuscany (Italy), Fuchsia brands (West Cork, Ireland) Futuredevelopments (1)

44. Revive regional economy by creating synergies between agriculture, food SMEs, tourism, crafts, culture and arts

45. Utilize and valorize endogenous resources (territorial capital) through regional brand (Fuchsia)

47. Intertwine on-farm sales of wine with other activities: gastronomy based on locality and tradition, luxury farmhouse accommodation, information about viticulture, hiking routes, cultural history

48. Activities are offered along a ‘wine route’: a tour of vineyards and wine cellars and of varied landscapes and cultural and historical attractions.

50. Urban food production

51. Continuousproductive landscapes

52. Thank you for your attention © Wageningen UR