4. Euglenophytes
⢠Unicellular aquatic algae â both autotrophic
and heterotrophic
⢠Two flagella with different lengths
⢠Also called Euglenozoa, Euglenoids, and
Euglenophyta
⢠Heterotrophic
⢠Charasteristics genus is Euglena
⢠Swimmers but can change shape
⢠Can live as saprophytes, organisms that
absorb nutrients available in decayed material
5. Flagella
⢠Whip-like structure that acts like a cells motor
⢠Located on the anterior(front)
⢠Twirls weeeeeeee
⢠Reservoir
â Inward pocket where flagellum is attached
6. Chloroplast
⢠Traps sunlight used for photosynthesis
⢠Rod-like structures
Eyespot
⢠Found at the anterior end near the resevoir
⢠Helps find bright areas to gather sunlight for
photosynthesis
7. ⢠Pellicle â stiff structure that help cellâs shape
⢠Nucleus
â center of the cell that contains the DNA
â Controls the cellâs activities
⢠Nuleolus
â Structure found within the nucleus
⢠Cytoplasm â jelly-like fluid found in the interior
⢠Contractile vacuole â star-like structure helps
remove excess water to prevent it from
exploding
8. Habitat
⢠Nutrient-rich freshwater system
⢠Some in salt waters
⢠Often abundant in quiet, inland waters where
they bloom and color the surface of ponds
and ditches green or red
9. Nutrition
⢠Heterotrophic â organic compounds
â Osmotrophic â dissolved nutrients
â Phagotrophic â engulfs
⢠Autotroph â produce own food
â Phototrophic â obtain energy
10. Reproduction: Asexual
⢠Mitosis
â Chromosomes in the nucleus are
separated, forming two identical sets in two
separate nuclei
⢠Cytokinesis
â Cytoplasm is divided to form two cells
11. Euglenophytaâs ecology
⢠Highly eutrophic environments, rich in
minerals
⢠Often found in ponds and ditches near cow
pasture, hog lots, chicken farms, etc.
⢠Thick green or red scum on the surface of the
algae bloom
⢠Often found in water
⢠Can be used as indicators of polluted areas
12. Euglena gracilis
⢠Eat green algae and use it to make food
⢠Undergoes the process of mitosis
⢠Reproduce better
⢠Preys on tiny organisms like amoeba and
paramecium
⢠Harmless to humans, often signs of polluted
water
13. Euglena sanguinea
⢠Found in red tides
⢠Has astaxanthin
⢠Use the pigment to protect chloroplasts from
intense light
⢠May change to green pigment as red pigments
move to the center
16. flagellum
⢠Propels organism by spinning.
⢠Wraps around the organism between two
thick plates of cellulose
⢠Has two ______
⢠Traverse flagellum
⢠Longitudinal flagellum
17. Ecology
⢠Photosynthetic -> primary producers
⢠Photosynthetic or heterotrophic
⢠Has symbiotic relationships with some corals
⢠Eats waste of animals
⢠Can cause red tide
⢠Some can produce neurotoxins
⢠Limiting nutrient number
18. ⢠Luminescene â luciferases activate luciferin
which require oxygen
⢠Gonyaulax & Gymnodinium â produces toxin
in red tides
⢠Notiluce scintillans â phagotrophic
dinoflagellate
⢠Some have endosymbionts
19. Types of pigments
⢠Chlorophyll â green
⢠Carotene â yellow
⢠Xanthophyll - brown
20. Chrysophytes and Diatoms
⢠Chrysophytes â golden
⢠Carotenoids â pigments
â Fucoxanthin: yellow-brown
⢠Stores food as oil
⢠Very diverse
⢠Reproductions varies:
â Asexual and sexual
⢠Movement: gliding motion
â Has a mucin
â Some travel in colonies
21. Structure
⢠Cell wall
â Rigid
â Has pectin or silica
â Some have none: ameboid
⢠Flagella
â Some have one or two
24. Algae
⢠Live near or in bodies of water
⢠Has no vascular tissue
⢠Most are multicellular, some unicellular or
colonial
⢠Reproductive cycles involve alternating sexual
and asexual stages
⢠Well adapted to life in water and intertidal
zone
25. Adaptation to water
⢠Thin leaf-life structure
⢠Diffusion of materials through body
⢠No stems
⢠Ease of sexual reproduction
27. Rhodophyta
⢠Pigments:
â Chl a(all)
â Phycoerythrin absorbs blue light
â Appears green, pink, red, purple, black
⢠Food reserve: Floridean starch
⢠No flagella and centrioles
⢠Lives in marine but some in freshwater or
polar regions
⢠Mostly multicellular
28. Phaeophyta
⢠Pigments:
â Chl a and c
â Fucoxanthin
â Dusky olive/ yellow-brown
⢠Lives in marine but sometimes in coastal
waters
⢠Food reserve: laminarin
⢠All multicellular
29.
30.
31. Chlorophyta
⢠Pigments:
â chl a and b
â Carotenoids
⢠Food reserve: starch
⢠Lives in freshwater, marine, moist
⢠Cell wall â cellulose
⢠Uni-, multi-, celullar or colonial
⢠Ancestors of modern plants
32. Clamydomonas
⢠2 flagella
⢠Cup-shaped chloroplast
⢠2 small contractile vacuoles
⢠Eyespot
⢠Cell wall not made of
cellulose
⢠Found in ditches
33. ⢠Gonium
â 4-42 cells living together, funtion independently
⢠Volvox
â 500-50,000 â arranged in hollow spheres
⢠Oedogonium
â Thread like colonies
â holdfast cell attached to bottom
â Asexual: broken filaments divide and grow
â Sexual: formation of gametes
49. ⢠Sporophyte
â Stalk: holds up capsule
â Capsule: produces
spores
â Fully dependent on
gametophyte
⢠w/ rhizoids
50.
51. Liverworts
⢠Phylum Hepaticophyta
â Live in constantly wet plaes
Sexual:
⢠Gametophyte: like flat green leaves on the
ground or lobed shaped like a liver
⢠Sporophyte: tiny umbrella structure
52. Asexual reproduction
⢠Gemmae:
â Multicellular spheres w/ many haploid cells
â Divided by mitosis
⢠Gemma cups
â Cup-like structures that produce gemmae
56. Vascular Plants: Tracheophytes
⢠Tracheo ď âwind pipeâ or âvascularâ
⢠Xylem(water and minerals)
⢠Phloem(sugars from leaves)
⢠Larger and more complex
⢠Sporophyte is more prominent
⢠Demonstrate increase levels of ogranization
58. Division Lycophyta: Club mosses
⢠Oldest extant group
⢠Sporangia organized into
strobili
⢠Homosporous /
heterosporous
⢠Contained vascular tissue
Example genera:
⢠Lycopodium: bisexual
â Isospores: gametophytes
⢠Selaginella:
â Small â microspore â male
â Larger â megaspore - female
59. Division Sphenophyta: Scouring rushes
⢠Whorls â leaves produced at nodes
⢠Isospores
⢠Spores being elaters
â Gametophyte â small, photosynthetic, free living
⢠Silica concentrated
⢠Jointed stems
60.
61. Division Psilophyta
⢠Oldest living lineage of vascular plants
⢠Lack roots
⢠Stem is photosynthetic
⢠No leaves but enations ď not vascular
⢠Resembles cooksonia