There are three main types of joints based on structure and movement: fibrous joints which are immovable, cartilaginous joints which allow slight movement, and synovial joints which allow freely movable and complex movement. Synovial joints have articular cartilage, a joint cavity, a joint capsule, synovial fluid, and various ligaments. They allow for a variety of movements including gliding, angular movements like flexion and extension, rotation, and special movements like pronation, dorsiflexion, and opposition.

1. 8 Joints: Part A

7. Figure 8.1a Dense fibrous connective tissue Suture line (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull.

9. Figure 8.1b Fibula Tibia Ligament (b) Syndesmosis Joint held together by a ligament. Fibrous tissue can vary in length, but is longer than in sutures.

11. Figure 8.1c Root of tooth Socket of alveolar process Periodontal ligament (c) Gomphosis “ Peg in socket” fibrous joint. Periodontal ligament holds tooth in socket.

14. Figure 8.2a Epiphyseal plate (temporary hyaline cartilage joint) Sternum (manubrium) Joint between first rib and sternum (immovable) (a) Synchondroses Bones united by hyaline cartilage

16. Figure 8.2b Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Pubic symphysis Body of vertebra Hyaline cartilage (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage

21. Figure 8.3 Periosteum Ligament Fibrous capsule Synovial membrane Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) Articular (hyaline) cartilage Articular capsule

25. Figure 8.4b Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Cavity in bursa containing synovial fluid Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. (b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a bursa eliminates friction where a ligament (or other structure) would rub against a bone Humerus resting Humerus moving

27. Figure 8.4a Acromion of scapula Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule Humerus Hyaline cartilage Coracoacromial ligament Subacromial bursa Fibrous articular capsule Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle (a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint

32. Table 8.2 (1 of 4)

33. Table 8.2 (2 of 4)

34. Table 8.2 (3 of 4)

35. Table 8.2 (4 of 4)

39. Figure 8.5a Gliding (a) Gliding movements at the wrist

41. Figure 8.5b (b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck Hyperextension Extension Flexion

42. Figure 8.5c Hyperextension Flexion Extension (c) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the vertebral column

43. Figure 8.5d Extension Extension Flexion Flexion (d) Angular movements: flexion and extension at the shoulder and knee

45. Figure 8.5e Abduction Adduction (e) Angular movements: abduction, adduction, and circumduction of the upper limb at the shoulder Circumduction

47. Figure 8.5f Lateral rotation Medial rotation Rotation (f) Rotation of the head, neck, and lower limb

49. Figure 8.6a Supination (radius and ulna are parallel) (a) Pronation (P) and supination (S) Pronation (radius rotates over ulna)

51. Figure 8.6b Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion Dorsiflexion Plantar flexion (b) Dorsiflexion and plantar flexion

53. Figure 8.6c Eversion Inversion (c) Inversion and eversion

55. Figure 8.6d Protraction of mandible Retraction of mandible (d) Protraction and retraction

57. Figure 8.6e Elevation of mandible Depression of mandible (e) Elevation and depression

59. Figure 8.6f (f) Opposition Opposition